Zhai Ya Ma Wu An
Zhai Ya Ma Wu An | |
---|---|
King of Champa King of Panduranga | |
King of Champa | |
Reign | ?-1478 |
Predecessor | Bố Trì Trì |
Successor | Gu Lai |
Born | ? Champa |
Died | 1478 Panduranga, Champa |
Religion | Hinduism |
Zhai Ya Ma Wu An (died 1478) is the Chinese transcription of the name of a King of Panduranga in Champa. He was one of several Cham princes who appeared as rulers in the years after the fall of the Cham capital Vijaya to the Vietnamese in 1471. His name can possibly be restored as Jayavarman.
Establishment in Panduranga
The political conditions in Champa after the fall of Vijaya appear to have been highly volatile. A general of the last king Maha Sajan, Bố Trì Trì fled to Panduranga in the south and was established as ruler of Champa there, being acknowledged as vassal by the Vietnamese Emperor Lê Thánh Tông. Two other vassal rulers were installed in portions of the old Champa, in Hoa Anh and Nam Bàn.[1] Bố Trì Trì is only mentioned in Vietnamese sources. Chinese sources of the Ming Dynasty, on the other hand, say that a brother of the last king, Pan Luo Cha Yue (Bàn La Trà Toại) fled to the mountains after the carnage and requested Chinese recognition as the new King of Champa in 1472. However, he was soon captured by Vietnamese troops, and the Lê court instead established Zhai Ya Ma Wu An as ruler in the far south. Whether he is the same person as Bố Trì Trì is unknown. He is described as the grandson (or nephew) of the old king. Lê Thánh Tông gave him five regions of the old Champa territory to rule, from Panduranga to the border to Cambodia. Ming envoys set out to give him an imperial seal and enfeoffment in 1478. However, when they arrived to Guangdong they heard that Zhai Ya Ma Wu An had died. Cham persons told the envoys that the king had been murdered by his own brother Gu Lai after he had requested Chinese enfeoffment.[2] The following years present a confusing picture where a certain Vietnam-backed pretender called Ti Po Tai (Devata?) contested the succession of Gu Lai.[3]
Cham sources
No Jayavarman (or similar) is mentioned in indigenous Cham sources, which give a long list of dated Panduranga rulers. They say that a king called Po Parican (r. 1373–1397) faced devastating attacks by Vietnamese and other peoples, so that the kingdom was lost and the capital taken by the Vietnamese. This was followed by a long interregnum from 1397 to 1433, after which Po Parican's son Po Kathit managed to found a new capital in Byuh Bal Batthinang (Cham Phu Nhuan village, Phan Rang) in Panduranga.[4] He was not entirely successful since a chronicle notes that "the people did not obey him voluntarily". Whether Po Kathit (r. 1433–1460) is misdated and identical with any of the early Panduranga kings mentioned in Vietnamese and Chinese sources is not clear. He was, according to the late chronicles, succeeded by his three sons Po Kabrah (r. 1460–1494), Po Kabih (r. 1494–1530) and Po Karutdrak (r. 1530–1536) after which his dynasty came to an end.[5]
References
- ^ Andrew Hardy (2019) "Champa, Integrating Kingdom: Mechanisms of Political Integration in a Southeast Asian Segmentary State (15th Century", in Arlo Griffiths et al. (eds) Champa: Territories and Networks of a Southeast Asian Kingdom. Paris: EFEO, p. 244-5.
- ^ Geoff Wade (2019) "Campa in the Ming Reign Annals (Ming shi-lu) 14th-17th Centuries", in Arlo Griffiths et al. (eds) Champa: Territories and Networks of a Southeast Asian Kingdom. Paris: EFEO, p. 270.
- ^ Geoff Wade (2003) The Ming shi Account of Champa. Asia Research Institute Working Papers, 3.[1]
- ^ Po Dharma (2013) "Biên Niên Sử Champa (Sakkarai Dak Rai Patao)", Nghiên Cứu Lịch Sử [2].
- ^ Étienne Aymonier (1890) "Legendes historiques des Chams", Excursions et reconnaissances 14, p. 170.[3]
Preceded by Bố Trì Trì 1471-? | Champa rulers 1470s–1478 | Succeeded by Gu Lai 1478-1505 |
- v
- t
- e
Lâm Ấp
192-605
Xitu
- Khu Liên
- Phạm Hùng
- Phạm Dật
- Phạm Văn
- Phạm Phật
- Bhadravarman I (Phạm Hồ Đạt)
- Gangaraja (Phạm Địch Chớn)
- Manorathavarman
- Gangarajavarman II (Phạm Địch Văn)
- Phạm Dương Mại I
- Phạm Dương Mại II
- Phạm Thần Thành
- Phạm Đang Căng Thuần
- Phạm Chư Nông
- Phạm Văn Tẩn
- Devavarman (Phạm Thiên Khởi)
- Vijayavarman
- Rudravarman I
Chiêm Thành
875–1471
- Jaya Sambhuvarman
- Kandarpadharma (Fan Touli)
- Prabhasadharma (Fan Zhenlong)
- Bhadresvaravarman
- Daughter of Kandarpadharma (female)
- Vikrantavarman I
- Naravahanavarman
- Vikrantavarman II
- Rudravarman II
- Prithindravarman
- Satyavarman
- Indravarman I
- Harivarman I
- Vikrantavarman III
- Indravarman II
- Jaya Simhavarman I
- Saktivarman
- Bhadravarman II
- Indravarman III
- Jaya Indravarman I
- Paramesvaravarman I
- Indravarman IV
- Lieou Ki-Tsong (Lưu Kế Tông)
- Harivarman II
- Yang Bo Zhan
- Sri Vijayavarman (Yang Pu Ku Vijaya)
- Harivarman III
- Paramesvaravarman II
- Vikrantavarman IV
- Jaya Sinhavarman II
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman I
- Bhadravarman III
- Rudravarman III
- Harivarman IV
- Jaya Indravarman II
- Paramabhodhisatva
- Harivarman V
- Jaya Indravarman III
- Rudravarman IV
- Jaya Harivarman I
- Jaya Harivarman II
- Jaya Indravarman IV
- Suryajayavarmadeva (Khmer vassal)
- Suryavarmadeva (Khmer vassal)
- Jaya Indravarman V (Khmer vassal)
- Khmer occupation
- Jaya Paramesvaravarman II
- Jaya Indravarman VI
- Indravarman V
- Jaya Sinhavarman III (Chế Mân)
- Jaya Sinhavarman IV (Chế Chí)
- Chế Năng
- Jaya Ananda (Chế A Nan)
- Maha Sawa (Trà Hòa Bố Để)
- Po Binasuor (Chế Bồng Nga)
- Jaya Simhavarman V (La Ngai)
- Indravarman VI (Ba Đích Lại)
- Virabhadravarman
- Maha Kali (Ma Kha Quý Lai)
- Maha Vijaya (Ma Kha Bí Cai)
- Maha Kaya (Ma Kha Quý Do)
- Maha Saya (Bàn La Trà Duyệt)
- Maha Sajan (Bàn La Trà Toàn)
- Maha Sajai (Bàn La Trà Toại)
Principality of Thuận Thành
1471–1835
- Bố Trì Trì
- Zhai Ya Ma Wu An
- Gu Lai
- Sha Gu Bu Luo
- Sha Ri Di Zhai
- Po Kabih
- Po Karut Drak
- Po Maho Sarak
- Po Kunarai
- Po At
- Po Klaong Halau
- Po Nit
- Po Jai Paran
- Po Aih Khang
- Po Klaong Mah Nai
- Po Rome
- Po Nraup (Bà Tấm)
- Po Saktiraydapaghoh
- Po Jatamah
- Po Saut (Bà Tranh)
- Vietnamese occupation
- Po Saktiraydapatih (Kế Bà Tử)
- Po Ganuhpatih
- Po Thuntiraidaputih
- Po Rattiraydaputao
- Po Tisundimahrai
- Po Tisuntiraydapaghoh
- Po Tisuntiraidapuran (Nguyễn Văn Tá)
- Po Thong Khang
- Po Krei Brei (Nguyễn Văn Chiêu)
- Po Ladhuanpuguh (Nguyễn Văn Hào)
- Po Saong Nyung Ceng (Nguyễn Văn Chấn)
- Po Bait Lan
- Po Klan Thu (Nguyễn Văn Vĩnh)
- Po Phaok The (Nguyễn Văn Thừa)
- Po War Palei (La Bôn Vương)