Intenzivno stočarstvo

Intenzivno stočarstvo, industrijska stočarska proizvodnja i makro-farme,[1] takođe poznate (posebno od strane protivnika) kao fabričke farme,[2] su vrsta intenzivne poljoprivrede, posebno pristup stočarstvu dizajniran da maksimizira proizvodnju uz minimiziranje troškova.[3] Da bi se ovo postiglo, agrobiznisi drže stoku poput goveda, živine i ribe u velikoj gustini stočnog fonda, u velikim razmerama, i koristeći moderne mašine, biotehnologiju i globalnu trgovinu.[4][5][6][7][8] Glavni proizvodi ove industrije su meso, mleko i jaja za ljudsku ishranu.[9]

Neprestano se vodi debata o koristima, rizicima i etici intenzivnog uzgoja životinja.[10] Pitanja uključuju efikasnost proizvodnje hrane, dobrobit životinja, zdravstvene rizike i uticaj na životnu sredinu (npr. poljoprivredno zagađenje i klimatske promene).[11][12][13] Takođe postoji zabrinutost da li je intenzivna farma životinja dugoročno održiva, s obzirom na troškove u resursima.[14] Intenzivni uzgoj životinja je kontroverzniji od lokalnog uzgoja i potrošnje mesa uopšte.[15][16] Zagovornici fabričke poljoprivrede tvrde da je fabrička poljoprivreda dovela do poboljšanja smeštaja, ishrane i kontrole bolesti u poslednjih dvadeset godina; međutim, ove tvrdnje su opovrgnute.[17] Pokazalo se da fabrička poljoprivreda šteti divljim životinjama, životnoj sredini,[18] stvara zdravstvene rizike,[24] zlostavlja životinje,[25][26][27] eksploatiše radnike (posebno nelegalne radnike),[28] i podiže veoma teška etička pitanja.[29][30]

Reference

  1. ^ „The limits in sight for Spanish macro farms”. In Spain News. 16. 12. 2021. Приступљено 24. 1. 2022. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  2. ^ Lusk, Jayson (23. 9. 2016). „Why Industrial Farms Are Good for the Environment”. The New York Times. „Before “factory farming” became a pejorative, agricultural scholars of the mid-20th century were calling for farmers to do just that -- become more factorylike and businesslike. From that time, farm sizes have risen significantly. It is precisely this large size that is often criticized today in the belief that large farms put profit ahead of soil and animal health.” CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  3. ^ „Why Factory Farming Isn't What You Think”. Forbes. јун 2015. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  4. ^ Sources discussing no "intensive farming", "intensive agriculture" or "factory farming":
    • Fraser, David. Animal welfare and the intensification of animal production: An alternative interpretation, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, 2005. *Turner, Jacky. "History of factory farming" Архивирано новембар 16, 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine, United Nations: "Fifty years ago in Europe, intensification of animal production was seen as the road to national food security and a better diet ... The intensive systems – called 'factory farms' – were characterised by confinement of the animals at high stocking density, often in barren and unnatural conditions."
    • Humphrys, John. Why the organic revolution had to happen, The Observer, April 21, 2001: "Nor is a return to 'primitive' farming practices the only alternative to factory farming and highly intensive agriculture."
    • "Head to head: Intensive farming", BBC News, March 6, 2001: "Here, Green MEP Caroline Lucas takes issue with the intensive farming methods of recent decades ... In the wake of the spread of BSE from the UK to the continent of Europe, the German Government has appointed an Agriculture Minister from the Green Party. She intends to end factory farming in her country. This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."
  5. ^ Sources discussing "industrial farming", "industrial agriculture" and "factory farming":
    • "Annex 2. Permitted substances for the production of organic foods", Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: "'Factory' farming refers to industrial management systems that are heavily reliant on veterinary and feed inputs not permitted in organic agriculture.
    • "Head to head: Intensive farming", BBC News, March 6, 2001: "Here, Green MEP Caroline Lucas takes issue with the intensive farming methods of recent decades ... In the wake of the spread of BSE from the UK to the continent of Africa, the German Government has appointed an Agriculture Minister from the Green Party. She intends to end factory farming in her country. This must be the way forward and we should end industrial agriculture in this country as well."
  6. ^ Kaufmann, Mark. "Largest Pork Processor to Phase Out Crates", The Washington Post, January 26, 2007.
  7. ^ "EU tackles BSE crisis", BBC News, November 29, 2000.
  8. ^ "Is factory farming really cheaper?" in New Scientist, Institution of Electrical Engineers, New Science Publications, University of Michigan, 1971, p. 12.
  9. ^ Nierenberg, Danielle (2005). „Happier Meals: Rethinking the Global Meat Industry”. Worldwatch Paper. 121: 5. 
  10. ^ Duram, Leslie A. (2010). Encyclopedia of Organic, Sustainable, and Local Food. ABC-CLIO. стр. 139. ISBN 978-0-313-35963-7. 
  11. ^ „Health and Consumer Protection – Scientific Committee on Animal Health and Animal Welfare – Previous outcome of discussions”. Архивирано из оригинала 22. 5. 2013. г. Приступљено 6. 9. 2015. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  12. ^ „Commissioner points to factory farming as source of contamination”. 28. 7. 2000. Приступљено 6. 9. 2015. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  13. ^ „Rebuilding Agriculture – EPA of UK” (PDF). Архивирано из оригинала (PDF) 30. 9. 2007. г. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  14. ^ Student, Pace Law. „Research Guides: Student Project: Factory Farming: Environmental Impacts”. libraryguides.law.pace.edu (на језику: енглески). Приступљено 2021-01-22. 
  15. ^ „New poll shows majority uncomfortable with animal farming despite eating turkeys for Thanksgiving”. sentienceinstitute.com. Sentience Institute. Приступљено 12. 4. 2024. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  16. ^ „Now is the best time in human history to be alive (unless you're an animal)”. vox.com. Vox. 12. 9. 2022. Приступљено 12. 4. 2024. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  17. ^ McCarthy, Richard; Richard Bennett (1986). „Statutory Protection for Farm Animals”. Pace Environmental Law Review. 3 (2): 229—256. S2CID 166893737. doi:10.58948/0738-6206.1205 Слободан приступ. Приступљено 11. 11. 2011. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  18. ^ van der Zee, Bibi (4. 10. 2017). „Why factory farming is not just cruel – but also a threat to all life on the planet”. The Guardian. Приступљено 5. 10. 2017. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  19. ^ "Concentrated animal feeding operations", Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States Department of Health and Human Services.
  20. ^ "The Welfare of Intensively Kept Pigs  – Report of the Scientific Veterinary Committee – Adopted 30 September 1997 Архивирано мај 22, 2013 на сајту Wayback Machine, European Commission, and "Opinion of the AHAW Panel related to the welfare aspects of various systems of keeping laying hens", European Food Safety Authority (March 7, 2005)
  21. ^ Blaine Harden (28. 12. 2003). „Supplements used in factory farming can spread disease”. The Washington Post. Архивирано из оригинала 2. 3. 2008. г. Приступљено 28. 5. 2007. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  22. ^ A. Dennis McBride (7. 12. 1998). „The Association of Health Effects with Exposure to Odors from Hog Farm Operations”. North Carolina Department of Health and Human Services. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  23. ^ Jennifer Ackerman. „Food Article, Foodborne Illness Information, Pathogen Facts”. National Geographic. Архивирано из оригинала 12. 5. 2008. г. Приступљено 6. 9. 2015. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  24. ^ [19][20][21][22][23]
  25. ^ "Commissioner points to factory farming as source of contamination", CBC, July 28, 2000.
  26. ^ Yuval Noah Harari. "Industrial farming is one of the worst crimes in history." The Guardian. September 25, 2015.
  27. ^ Wasley, Andrew; Jones, Natalie (17. 12. 2018). „Chickens freezing to death and boiled alive: failings in US slaughterhouses exposed”. The Guardian. Приступљено 19. 12. 2018. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  28. ^ Nibert, David (2013). Animal Oppression and Human Violence: Domesecration, Capitalism, and Global Conflict. Columbia University Press. стр. 228. ISBN 978-0231151894. 
  29. ^ Greenwald, Glenn (5. 10. 2017). „The FBI's Hunt for Two Missing Piglets Reveals the Federal Cover-Up of Barbaric Factory Farms”. The Intercept. Приступљено 5. 10. 2017. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)
  30. ^ „The Moral Atrocity of Factory Farming and Why We Must Not Look Away”. Current Affairs. 11. 8. 2022. Приступљено 23. 8. 2022. CS1 одржавање: Формат датума (веза)

Literatura

  • Crawford, Dorothy (2018). Deadly Companions: How Microbes Shaped our History. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. 

Spoljašnje veze

Intenzivno stočarstvo на Викимедијиној остави.
  • Animals Used for Food, Animal Ethics
  • National Agriculture Law Center – Animal Feeding Operations
  • Calls to reform food system: 'Factory farming belongs in a museum'. The Guardian. May 24, 2017.
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