Adi Šankara
Adi Šankara | |
---|---|
![]() Adi Šankara sa sledbenicima, rad Raža Ravi Varme (1904) | |
Ime po rođenju | Šankara |
Datum rođenja | 788.[1] |
Mesto rođenja | Kaladi sadašnji Kočin, Kerala Indija |
Datum smrti | 820.[1] (starost 32) |
Mesto smrti | Kedarnat sadašnji Utarakand Indija |
Prebivalište | Indija |
Državljanstvo | indijsko |
Zanimanje | filozof i teolog |
Adi Šankaračarja (Sanskrit: आदि शङ्कराआचार्य }) bio je indijski filozof i teolog iz 8. veka[2] koji je konsolidovao doktrine Advajta Vedanta.[1][3][note 1] On je zaslužan za objedinjavanje i uspostavljanje glavnih tokova misli u hinduizmu.[5][6][7]
Njegovi radovi na sanskrtu raspravljaju o jedinstvu atmana i Nirgune Brahmana „brahmana bez atributa”.[8] On je napisao bogate komentare o vedskom kanonu (Brahma Sutras, glavnim Upanišadima i Bhagavadgiti) u prilog svojoj tezi.[9] Njegova dela obrađuju ideje pronađene u Upanišadima. Šankarove publikacije su kritikovale ritualno orijentisanu školu hinduizma Mimamsa.[10] On je takođe objasnio ključnu razliku između hinduizma i budizma, navodeći da hinduizam tvrdi da „Atman (duša, ja) postoji”, dok budizam tvrdi da „nema duše, nema sebstva”.[11][12][13]
Šankara je putovao širom Indijskog potkontinenta kako bi propagirao svoju filozofiju kroz diskurse i debate sa drugim misliocima. On je uspostavio važnost monaškog života kakav je sankcionisan u Upanišadima i Brahma Sutri, u vremenu kada je škola Mimamsa uspostavila strogi ritual i ismejavala monaštvo. Smatra se da je on osnovao četiri matasa („manastira”), koji su pomogli u istorijskom razvoju, oživljavanju i širenju Advajta Vedante, te je poznat kao najveći revivalista.[14] Smatra se da je Adi Šankara organizator monaškog reda Dašanami i da je objedinio tradiciju Šanmata. On je poznat i kao Adi Šankaračarija, Šankara Bagavatpada, (Ādi) Śaṅkarācārya, Śaṅkara Bhagavatpāda i Śaṅkara Bhagavatpādācārya.
Napomene
- ^ Modern scholarship places Shankara in the earlier part of the 8th century CE (c. 700–750).[3] Earlier generations of scholars proposed 788–820 CE.[3] Other proposals are 686–718 CE, 44 BCE,[4] or as early as 509–477 BCE.
Reference
- ^ а б в Sharma 1962, стр. vi.
- ^ „Shankara | Indian philosopher”. Encyclopedia Britannica.
- ^ а б в Comans 2000, стр. 163.
- ^ Y. Keshava Menon, The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya 1976 pp. 108
- ^ Johannes de Kruijf and Ajaya Sahoo (2014), Indian Transnationalism Online: New Perspectives on Diaspora. ISBN 978-1-4724-1913-2. стр. 105., Quote: "In other words, according to Adi Shankara's argument, the philosophy of Advaita Vedanta stood over and above all other forms of Hinduism and encapsulated them. This then united Hinduism; (...) Another of Adi Shankara's important undertakings which contributed to the unification of Hinduism was his founding of a number of monastic centers."
- ^ Shankara, Student's Encyclopedia Britannia – India (2000), Volume 4, Encyclopaedia Britannica Publishing. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5. стр. 379., Quote: "Shankaracharya, philosopher and theologian, most renowned exponent of the Advaita Vedanta school of philosophy, from whose doctrines the main currents of modern Indian thought are derived.";
David Crystal (2004), The Penguin Encyclopedia, Penguin Books, pp. 1353, Quote: "[Shankara] is the most famous exponent of Advaita Vedanta school of Hindu philosophy and the source of the main currents of modern Hindu thought." - ^ Christophe Jaffrelot (1998), The Hindu Nationalist Movement in India, Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-10335-0. стр. 2., Quote: "The main current of Hinduism – if not the only one – which became formalized in a way that approximates to an ecclesiastical structure was that of Shankara".
- ^ Sri Adi Shankaracharya, Sringeri Sharada Peetham, India
- ^ Pattanaik, Devdutt. „How Adi Shankaracharya united a fragmented land with philosophy, poetry and pilgrimage”. Scroll.in.
- ^ Shyama Kumar Chattopadhyaya (2000) The Philosophy of Sankar's Advaita Vedanta, Sarup & Sons, New Delhi ISBN 81-7625-222-0
- ^ Edward Roer (Translator), to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad. Shankara's Introduction на сајту Гугл књиге
- ^ Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction, стр. 3, на сајту Гугл књиге to Brihad Aranyaka Upanishad at pp. 3, OCLC 19373677
- ^ KN Jayatilleke (2010), Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge. ISBN 978-81-208-0619-1. стр. 246-249., from note 385 onwards;
Steven Collins (1994), Religion and Practical Reason (Editors: Frank Reynolds, David Tracy), State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-7914-2217-5. стр. 64.; Quote: "Central to Buddhist soteriology is the doctrine of not-self (Pali: anattā, Sanskrit: anātman, the opposed doctrine of ātman is central to Brahmanical thought). Put very briefly, this is the [Buddhist] doctrine that human beings have no soul, no self, no unchanging essence.";
Edward Roer (Translator), Shankara's Introduction на сајту Гугл књиге]
Katie Javanaud (2013), Is The Buddhist 'No-Self' Doctrine Compatible With Pursuing Nirvana?, Philosophy Now;
John C. Plott et al. (2000), Global History of Philosophy: The Axial Age, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0158-5. стр. 63., Quote: "The Buddhist schools reject any Ātman concept. As we have already observed, this is the basic and ineradicable distinction between Hinduism and Buddhism". - ^ The Seven Spiritual Laws Of Yoga, Deepak Chopra, John Wiley & Sons, 2006, ISBN 81-265-0696-2
Literatura
- Comans, Michael (2000). „The Method of Early Advaita Vedānta: A Study of Gauḍapāda, Śaṅkara, Sureśvara, and Padmapāda”. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass.
- Cousins, L.S. (2010). Buddhism. In: "The Penguin Handbook of the World's Living Religions". Penguin. ISBN 978-0-14-195504-9.
- Doniger, Wendy (1999). Merriam-Webster's Encyclopedia of World Religions. Merriam-Webster. ISBN 978-0-87779-044-0.
- Fort, Andrew O. (1998). Jivanmukti in Transformation: Embodied Liberation in Advaita and Neo-Vedanta. SUNY Press.
- Fuller, C.J. (2004). The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5.
- Greaves, Ron (mart 2002). „From Totapuri to Maharaji: Reflections on a Lineage (Parampara)”. 27th Spalding Symposium on Indian Religions, Oxford.
- Grimes, John (2004), „Introduction”, The Vivekacudamani of Sankaracarya Bhagavatpada: An Introduction and Translation, ISBN 978-0-7546-3395-2
- Hiltebeitel, Alf (2002), Hinduism. In: Joseph Kitagawa, "The Religious Traditions of Asia: Religion, History, and Culture", Routledge, ISBN 978-1-136-87597-7
- Isaeva, Natalia (1993). Shankara and Indian Philosophy. Albany: State University of New York Press (SUNY). ISBN 978-0-7914-1281-7. Some editions spell the author Isayeva.
- Keay, John (2000). India: A History. New York: Grove Press. ISBN 978-0-8021-3797-5.
- Keshava Menon, Y (1976). The Mind of Adi Shankaracharya. India: Jaico. ISBN 978-81-7224-214-5.
- King, Richard (2001). Orientalism and Religion: Post-Colonial Theory, India and "The Mystic East". Taylor & Francis e-Library.
- Larson, Gerald James (2009). Hinduism. In: "World Religions in America: An Introduction". Westminster John Knox Press. ISBN 978-1-61164-047-2.
- Mayeda, Sengaku (2006). A thousand teachings : the Upadeśasāhasrī of Śaṅkara. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-2771-4.
- Michaels, Axel (2004). Hinduism. Past and present. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press.
- Minor, Rober Neil (1987). Radhakrishnan: A Religious Biography. SUNY Press.
- Morris, Brian (2006). Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction. Cambridge University Press.
- Mudgal, S.G. (1975). Advaita of Shankara: A Reappraisal. New Delhi: Motilal Banarasidass. ISBN.
- Nakamura, Hajime (2004). „A History of Early Vedanta Philosophy. Part Two”. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited (Reprint of orig: 1950, Shoki No Vedanta Tetsugaku, Iwanami Shoten, Tokyo).
- Narayana Sastry, T.S (1916). The Age of Sankara.
- Nath, Vijay (2001). „From 'Brahmanism' to 'Hinduism': Negotiating the Myth of the Great Tradition”. Social Scientist. 29 (3/4): 19—50. JSTOR 3518337. doi:10.2307/3518337.
- Pande, G.C. (2011). Life and Thought of Śaṅkarācārya. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-1104-1.
- Pandey, S.L. (2000). „Pre-Sankara Advaita. In: Chattopadhyana (gen.ed.), "History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization. Volume II Part 2: Advaita Vedanta"”. Delhi: Centre for Studies in Civilizations.
- Popular Prakashan (2000). Students' Britannica India, Volumes 1–5. Popular Prakashan. ISBN 978-0-85229-760-5.
- Pradhavananda; Isherwood, Christopher (1978). Shankara's Crest-Jewel of Discrimination. USA: Vedanta Press. ISBN 978-0-87481-038-7.
- Roodurmun, Pulasth Soobah (2002). Bhāmatī and Vivaraṇa Schools of Advaita Vedānta: A Critical Approach. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers Private Limited.
- Rosen, Steven (2006), Essential Hinduism, Greenwood Publishing Group, ISBN 978-0-275-99006-0
- Samuel, Geoffrey (2010). The Origins of Yoga and Tantra. Indic Religions to the Thirteenth Century. Cambridge University Press.
- Scheepers, Alfred (2000). De Wortels van het Indiase Denken. Olive Press.
- Shah-Kazemi, Reza (2006). „Paths to Transcendence: According to Shankara, Ibn Arabi & Meister Eckhart”. World Wisdom.
- Sharma, Chandradhar (1962). Indian Philosophy: A Critical Survey. New York: Barnes & Noble.
- Sharma, C. (1997). A Critical Survey of Indian Philosophy. Motilal Banarsidass. ISBN 978-81-208-0365-7.
- Sharma, B.N. Krishnamurti (2000). History of the Dvaita School of Vedānta and Its Literature: From the Earliest Beginnings to Our Own Times. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. ISBN 978-81-208-1575-9.
- Shetty, V.T. Rajshekar (2002). „Caste, a nation within the nation: recipe for a bloodless revolution”. Books for Change.
- Singh, N.; Barauh, B. (2004). „Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Pali Literature, Volume 1”. Global Vision.
- Tapasyananda (2002). Sankara-Dig-Vijaya: The Traditional Life of Sri Sankaracharya by Madhava-Vidyaranya. India: Sri Ramakrishna Math. ISBN 978-81-7120-434-2.
- White, David Gordon (2000). Introduction. In: Tantra in practice. Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press.
- Ingalls, Daniel H.H. (1954). „Śaṁkara's Arguments against the Buddhists”. Philosophy East and West. 3 (4): 291—306. JSTOR 1397287. doi:10.2307/1397287. Архивирано из оригинала 28. 06. 2011. г. Приступљено 25. 11. 2019.
- Mishra, Parameshwar Nath (2003), "Era of Adi Shankaracharya 507 B.C.–475 B.C.", Howrah Samskriti Rakshak Parishad, West Bengal.
- Mishra, Parameshwar Nath, "Amit Kalrekha", 3 vols. (in Hindi), Howrah Samskriti Rakshak Parishad, West Bengal.
- Succession of Shankaracharyas (a chronology) Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (1. новембар 2019) (from Gaudapada onwards)
- Reigle, David (2001). „The Original Sankaracarya” (PDF). Fohat. 5 (3): 57—60, 70—71.
- Frank Whaling (1979), Śankara and Buddhism, Journal of Indian Philosophy, Vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 1–42
- "Sri Shankaracharya in Cambodia..?" by S. Srikanta Sastri
- Navone, J.J. (1956). „Sankara and the Vedic Tradition”. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research. 17 (2): 248—255. JSTOR 2104222. doi:10.2307/2104222.
- Biderman, Shlomo (1978). „Śankara and the Buddhists”. Journal of Indian Philosophy. 6 (4). doi:10.1007/BF00218430.
- Rukmani, T.S. (2003). „Dr. Richard de Smet and Sankara's Advaita”. Journal of Hindu-Christian Studies. 16. doi:10.7825/2164-6279.1295
.
- A Questioning Approach: Learning from Sankara's Pedagogic Techniques Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (30. септембар 2016), Jacqueline Hirst, Contemporary Education Dialogue, Vol. 2, No. 2, pp. 137–169
Spoljašnje veze
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png)
- Adi Shankara на сајту Пројекат Гутенберг (језик: енглески)
- Adi Šankara на сајту Curlie (језик: енглески)
- Adi Šankara на сајту Internet Archive (језик: енглески)
- Majors works of Adi Sankara Volumes 1–20, (Sanskrit and English Translations)
- A Note on the date of Sankara (Adi Sankaracharya) Архивирано на сајту Wayback Machine (26. октобар 2020) by S. Srikanta Sastri