The Wine Glass
The Wine Glass (also The Glass of Wine or Lady and Gentleman Drinking Wine, Dutch: Het glas wijn) is an oil-on-canvas painting by Johannes Vermeer, created c. 1660, now in the Gemäldegalerie, Berlin.[1] It portrays a seated woman and a standing man drinking in an interior setting.
The work contains the conventions of genre painting of the Delft School developed by Pieter de Hooch in the late 1650s. It contains figures situated in a brightly lit and spacious interior, while its architectural space is highly defined. The figures are set in the middle ground rather than the more usual foreground.[2]
The painting
Vermeer was about 27 when he painted The Glass of Wine, and according to the critic Walter Liedtke, "No analysis of artistic conventions can suggest the sheer beauty and extraordinary refinement of a painting like The Glass of Wine, which may be considered one of Vermeer's first fully mature works".[3]
The concept of figures drinking around a table, and a woman drinking from a glass are taken directly from De Hooch's A Dutch Courtyard. However, Vermeer's work breaks away from the prototypes of De Hooch in that the interior is rendered in a far more elegant and higher-class setting than the older master's works. The clothes of the figures, the patterned tablecloth, the gilded picture frame hanging on the back wall, and the coat of arms in the stained window glass all suggest a wealthier setting.[2]
The scene likely represents some type of courtship, but the roles played by the two figures are unclear.[4][5] The woman has just drained the glass of wine and the man seems impatient to pour her more, almost as if he is trying to get her drunk. A musical instrument, the cittern, lies on the chair with musical notebooks.[4] But the figure of Temperance is depicted in the stained glass window, adding to the tension in the scene.[5]
Compared to his earlier paintings, Vermeer's brushwork in The Wine Glass is subdued, while the faces and clothes of the figures are depicted with wide smooth outlines. The artist applied especially fine and detailed, linear brush strokes in the tapestry of the tablecloth and the window glass. At the time, Vermeer was not the only Dutch artist attempting to develop the ideas of De Hooch; contemporary paintings from Jan Steen, Gerard Ter Borch, and Frans van Mieris the Elder also display a refined technique.
The painting shares elements with other Vermeer works. The Girl with the Wine Glass (1659–1660) portrays two men, but in common with The Wine Glass it has a woman seated at a table with a glass of wine, and the tiled floors and stained-glass windows in both are very similar.[6] The same wine pitcher appears in an earlier Vermeer, A Girl Asleep (1657).
The Wine Glass is considered an early and transitional painting, and as such, is not commonly viewed as one of Vermeer's finest works. According to art critic Lawrence Gowing, comparing the work with Gabriel Metsu's The Duet, it "lacks the sociable fluency, the ingratiating inventiveness".[7]
See also
Notes
- ^ "Das Glas Wein". Staatliche Museen zu Berlin (Berlin State Museums) (in German). Retrieved 2024-05-09.
- ^ a b Wheelock, 68
- ^ Liedtke, 376-378
- ^ a b "The Glass of Wine". essential vermeer.com. Retrieved 31 January 2013.
- ^ a b "Vermeer's The Glass of Wine". Smarthistory at Khan Academy. Retrieved January 30, 2013.
- ^ Konowitz, Ellen; Hertel, Christiane (Autumn 1998). "Vermeer: Reception and Interpretation. (Book Review)". Sixteenth Century Journal. 29 (3): 817–819. doi:10.2307/2543706. JSTOR 2543706.
- ^ Quoted in "The Glass of Wine". essentialvermeer.com. Archived from the original on 4 November 2007. Retrieved 12 October 2007.
Bibliography
- Gowing, Lawrence. Vermeer. University of California Press; 1 edition 5 December 1997. ISBN 0-520-21276-2.
- Liedtke, Walter. "Vermeer and the Delft School". New York: Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2001. ISBN 0-300-08848-5.
- Wheelock, Arthur. Vermeer. Yale University Press; 1st edition, 25 October 1995. ISBN 0-300-06558-2.
- v
- t
- e
- List of works
- Christ in the House of Martha and Mary (c. 1655)
- Saint Praxedis (c. 1655)
- Diana and Her Companions (c. 1653–1656)
- The Procuress (1656)
- A Girl Asleep (c. 1657)
- Officer and Laughing Girl (c. 1657)
- The Little Street (c. 1657–1658)
- The Milkmaid (c. 1657–1658)
- Girl Reading a Letter at an Open Window (c. 1657–1659)
- Girl Interrupted at Her Music (c. 1658–1659)
- The Girl with the Wine Glass (c. 1659–1660)
- The Wine Glass (c. 1660)
- View of Delft (c. 1660–1661)
- Woman with a Water Jug (c. 1660–1662)
- Woman Holding a Balance (c. 1662–1663)
- Woman with a Lute (c. 1662–1663)
- Woman Reading a Letter (c. 1663)
- The Concert (c. 1664)
- Woman with a Pearl Necklace (c. 1664)
- The Music Lesson (c. 1662–1665)
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (c. 1665)
- A Lady Writing a Letter (c. 1665)
- Girl with a Red Hat (c. 1665–1666)
- Study of a Young Woman (c. 1665–1667)
- Mistress and Maid (c. 1667)
- The Art of Painting (c. 1666–1668)
- The Astronomer (c. 1668)
- The Geographer (c. 1668–1669)
- The Lacemaker (c. 1669–1670)
- The Love Letter (c. 1669–1670)
- Lady Writing a Letter with her Maid (c. 1670–1671)
- The Allegory of Faith (c. 1670–1672)
- Lady Seated at a Virginal (c. 1670–1672)
- Lady Standing at a Virginal (c. 1670–1672)
- A Young Woman Seated at the Virginals (c. 1670–1672)
- The Guitar Player (c. 1672)
- Girl with a Flute (c. 1665–1670)
- The Ghost of Vermeer of Delft Which Can Be Used as a Table (1934 painting)
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (1999 novel)
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (2003 film)
- Girl with a Pearl Earring (2008 play)
- Maria Thins (mother-in-law)
- Maria de Knuijt and Pieter van Ruijven (patrons)
- Han van Meegeren
- Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
- Delft School (painting)
- Tronie
- Dutch Golden Age painting
- Hockney–Falco thesis
- Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum theft
- Vermeer Centre
- All the Vermeers in New York (1990 film)
- Writing to Vermeer (1999 opera)
- Chasing Vermeer (2004 novel)
- Vermeer's Hat (2008 history book)
- Tim's Vermeer (2013 documentary film)