Terrorism in Indonesia
- Aftermath of the bombings in Kuta, Bali
- Floral tributes in front of the Australian Embassy in Jakarta a few days after the 2004 bombing
- Damaged Ritz-Carlton Hotel in 2009 Jakarta bombings
- Armed Brimob police officers during the 2016 Jakarta attacks
- Police post damaged by suicide bomb attack in front of the Sarinah mall
- Indonesian President Joko Widodo (in white) visiting one of the churches that were attacked by terrorists on 13 May 2018
Date | 28 March 1981 – present (43 years, 4 months, 3 weeks and 1 day) |
---|---|
Location | Indonesia |
Status | ongoing
|
Indonesia:
Indonesian National Armed Forces
Koopssus
BAIS
Indonesian Army
Indonesian Navy
Indonesian Air Force
Indonesian National Police
![](http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Flag_of_the_Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency.png/23px-Flag_of_the_Indonesian_State_Intelligence_Agency.png)
Islamist groups:
- Komando Jihad (1970s–1980s)
Jemaah Islamiyah (2000–2024)[1]
Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
Laskar Jihad (2000–2002)
- Mujahideen Tanah Runtuh [id] (2001–2007)
- Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
East Indonesia Mujahideen (2010–2022)
- West Indonesia Mujahideen [id] (2012–2013)[2]
- Abu Uswah network [id] (2012–2013)
Turkistan Islamic Party (2014–2016)
Darul Islam Indonesia (since 2022)[3][4][5]
- Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
- Jamaah Ansharut Daulah
- Mujahedeen KOMPAK (1988–?)
Separatists:
Free Aceh Movement (1976–2005)
Din Minimi warband (2014–2015)
Free Papua Movement
Joko Widodo
(President)Ma'ruf Amin
(Vice President)Hadi Tjahjanto
(Ministry of Security Affairs)Prabowo Subianto
(Ministry of Defence)Agus Subiyanto
(Commander of the Armed Forces)Maruli Simanjuntak
(Chief of Staff of the Army)Muhammad Ali
(Chief of Staff of the Navy)Mohamad Tony Harjono
(Chief of Staff of the Air Force)Listyo Sigit Prabowo
(Chief of the Police)Budi Gunawan
(Director of State Intelligence)
Suharto
B.J. Habibie
Abdurrahman Wahid
Megawati Sukarnoputri
Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
Adam Malik
Umar Wirahadikusumah
Sudharmono
Maraden Panggabean
Muhammad Jusuf
L. B. Moerdani
Try Sutrisno
Edi Sudrajat
Feisal Tanjung
Wiranto
Widodo Adi Sutjipto
Endriartono Sutarto
Djoko Suyanto
Djoko Santoso
Agus Suhartono
Moeldoko
Gatot Nurmantyo
Hadi Tjahjanto
Andika Perkasa
Yudo Margono
Islamists:
Komando Jihad
- Imran bin Muhammad Zein
Jemaah Islamiyah
- Abu Bakar Ba'asyir (POW) (later released)
- Abdullah Sungkar †
- Abu Rusdan (POW)
- Adung (POW)
- Zarkasih (POW)
- Para Wijayanto (POW)
- Riduan Isamuddin (POW)
- Abu Dujana (POW) (later released)
- Umar Patek (POW) (later released)
- Azahari Husin †
- Noordin Mohammad Top †
- Dulmatin †
- Zulkarnaen (POW)
Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid
- Abu Bakar Ba'asyir (POW) (later released)
- Noordin Mohammad Top †
Laskar Jihad
Mujahidin Tanah Runtuh
- Hasanuddin (POW)
Indonesian Mujahedeen Council
- Abu Muhammad Jibril †[6]
- Muhammad Thalib[7]
East Indonesia Mujahideen
- Abu Wardah †
- Daeng Koro [id] †
- Basri (POW)
- Ali Kalora †
Mujahidin Indonesia Barat
- Abu Roban †
Abu Uswah network
- Abu Uswah †
Turkistan Islamic Party
- Unknown
Darul Islam Indonesia
- Unknown
Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah
- Muhammad Achwan
- Abdul Rahim
- Abdul Roshid
Jamaah Ansharut Daulah
- Aman Abdurrahman (POW)
- Marwan
- Zainal Anshori (POW)
- Saiful Munthohir (POW)
Mujahedeen KOMPAK
- Unknown
Separatists:
Free Aceh Movement
(until 2005)
- Zaini Abdullah
- Abdullah Syafi'i †
- Muzakir Manaf
- Sofyan Daud
- Ayah Muni †
Din Minimi warband
Indonesia armed force and police
in Operation Madago Raya: 3,000
In Insurgency in Aceh: 35,000–50,000 (2005)
In Din Minimi warband hunt operation: unknown
In Papua conflict: 30,000Terrorist groups:
- Komando Jihad: Unknown
Jemaah Islamiyah: 6,000 (2021)[8]
Jamaah Ansharut Tauhid: 1,500–2,000 (2012)
Laskar Jihad: 3,000 (2002)
- Mujahideen Tanah Runtuh [id]: Unknown
- Indonesian Mujahedeen Council: Unknown
East Indonesia Mujahideen: 40+(2016)
- West Indonesia Mujahideen [id]: Unknown [2]
- Abu Uswar network [id]: Unknown
Turkistan Islamic Party: 9 (2014–2016)
Darul Islam Indonesia: 1,400+ (2022)[4]
- Jamaah Ansharusy Syariah: 2,000
- Jamaah Ansharut Daulah: Unknown
- Mujahedeen KOMPAK: Unknown
- Total: 17,000 include family and symphatizer (est.In 2021)[8]
Separatists:
Free Aceh Movement: 3,000 (2005)
Din Minimi warband : 156[9][10][11]
Police officers:[a]
- 49 killed (2000-2019)[b]
- 126 wounded (2000-2019)[c]
In Operation Madago Raya: 18 killed
In Insurgency in Aceh: less than 100 killed[16]
In Din Minimi warband hunt operation: 2 killed[17]Islamist groups: at least 110 killed (2001–2018)[18][19]
3,096 suspects arrested (2000–2023)[d]
- 1,031 jailed (2022)[26]
- 1,036 released (2023)[27]
- 132 executed (1983–2017)[28][29]
- At least 121 terror suspect Killed by torture from 2007 until 2016 (Amnesty International)[30]
Separatists:
Free Aceh Movement: 15,000 military and civilians killed[31]
Din Minimi warband: 6 killed 150 captured or surrender[9][10][11]
- v
- t
- e
- Magelang (Borobudur) 1985
- Jakarta Aug 2000
- Jakarta Sep 2000
- Dec 2000
- Poso 2002
- Bali 2002
- Makassar 2002
- Jakarta 2003
- Aceh 2003
- Palopo 2004
- Jakarta 2004
- Poso 2004
- Tentena 2005
- Bali 2005
- Palu 2005
- Jakarta 2009
- Cirebon 2011
- Jakarta 2013
- Jakarta (Thamrin) 2016
- Samarinda 2016
- Jakarta 2017
- Depok (Mako Brimob) 2018
- Surabaya 2018
- Medan 2019
- South Hulu Sungai 2020
- Makassar 2021
- Jakarta 2021
- Jakarta 2022
- Bandung 2022
Terrorism in Indonesia refer to acts of terrorism that take place within Indonesia or attacks on Indonesian people or interests abroad. These acts of terrorism often target the government of Indonesia or foreigners in Indonesia, most notably Western visitors, especially those from the United States and Australia.
In June 2015, Indonesia was taken off the Financial Action Task Force blacklist of 'Non-Cooperative Countries or Territories' (NCCTs) due to Indonesia no longer being non-cooperative in the global fight against money laundering and terrorist financing. That gives Indonesia the same status as other major economies in the G20.[32]
Suspects
Traditionally militias politically opposed to Indonesian government interests have been held responsible for terrorist attacks in Indonesia. Separatist and violent rebel movements operating in Indonesia, such as the Darul Islam, the Communist Party of Indonesia, Fretilin (East Timorese independence militia during the Indonesian occupation of East Timor), the Free Aceh Movement, and the Free Papua Organization were often held responsible for terrorist attacks, such as bombings and shooting. Recent terrorism in Indonesia can in part be attributed to the al-Qaeda-affiliated Jemaah Islamiyah Islamist terrorist group and/or Islamic State.
Indonesia has worked with other countries to apprehend and prosecute perpetrators of major bombings linked to militant Islamism.[33] Since 2003, a number of 'western targets' have been attacked. Victims have included both foreigners — mainly Western tourists — as well as Indonesian civilians. Terrorism in Indonesia intensified in 2000 with the Philippine consulate bombing in Jakarta and Jakarta Stock Exchange bombing, followed by four more large attacks. The deadliest killed 202 people (including 164 international tourists) in the Bali resort town of Kuta in 2002.[34] The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries, severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects.[35] However, after the capture and killing of most of its key members and leaders, most notably Imam Samudra, Amrozi, Abu Dujana, Azahari Husin, and Noordin Mohammad Top, the terrorist cells in Indonesia have become less significant.
Since 2011, terrorist attacks seemed to shift from targeting foreign Western interests and residents to attacking Indonesian police officers. The Indonesian Police had success in cracking down on terrorist cells, and in retaliation a new terrorist cell, identified as the "Cirebon Cell", began targeting police officers. On 15 April 2011 a suicide bomber detonated an improvised explosive device in a mosque in a police compound in the city of Cirebon, West Java, during Friday prayers. The bomber was killed and at least 28 people were injured.[36][37] The same cell was also suspected of being involved in two more attacks in Solo, the suicide bombing of a church on 25 September 2011, and a shooting targeting police on 17 August 2012. However these attacks were not as well-prepared and high scaled as previous attacks organized by Jemaah Islamiyah.
Although the number of terrorist attacks seem to have reduced in both number and scale, some terrorist hotspots such as Poso, Central Sulawesi, remain. the Poso region was previously marred by religious violence between Muslims and Christians in the area. On 16 October 2012, Police discovered two corpses of murdered police that had been missing for three days in Tamanjeka village, Poso Regency, Central Sulawesi. The victims went missing during an investigatory mission to a suspected terrorist training ground in a forest the Poso area.[38]
Similar attacks targeting the Indonesian authorities, especially police officers, have also occurred in Papua, however these are not linked with Islamist terrorist cells, but rather with the Papuan separatist movement Organisasi Papua Merdeka. On 8 April 2012, a Trigana Air PK-YRF airplane was shot at by unidentified gunmen during a landing approach on Mulia airstrip, Puncak Jaya, Papua. A Papua Pos journalist, Kogoya (35), was killed in this shooting.[39] On 27 November 2012, three policemen stationed at the remote Pirime police post, Jayawijaya, Papua, were killed in an attack by a group of unidentified men. Police suspected the Papua separatist movement was behind the attack.[40]
Political and community responses
Subsequent bombings in the centre of Jakarta, in which all but one victim were ordinary Indonesians, shocked the public and brought swift responses from the Indonesian security forces. Even the most reluctant politicians had to admit that the evidence pointed to a small group of Islamist agitators. The Jakarta bombings and legal prosecutions helped shift public opinion away from the use of extremist Islamic political violence, but also increased the influence of intelligence bodies, the police and military whose strength had diminished since 1998.[41]
Political factors clouded Indonesian responses to the "War on Terror"; politicians were at pains not to be seen to be bowing to US and Australian opinion. Even the term "Jemaah Islamiyah" is controversial in Indonesia as it means "Islamic community/congregation", and was also the subject of previous "New Order" manipulation.[42]
Effects
The attacks, and subsequent travel warnings issued by other countries including the United States[43] and Australia,[44] severely damaged Indonesia's tourism industry and foreign investment prospects. Bali's economy was a particularly hard hit, as were tourism based businesses in other parts of Indonesia. In May 2008, the United States government decided to lift its warning.[44] In 2006, 227,000 Australians visited Indonesia and in 2007 this rose to 314,000.[44]
Counter-terrorism
Detachment 88 is the Indonesian counter-terrorism squad, and part of the Indonesian National Police. Formed after the 2002 Bali bombings, the unit has had considerable success against the jihadi terrorist cells linked to the Central Java-based Islamist movement Jemaah Islamiah.[44]
Within three months after the 2002 Bali bombing, various militants, including the attack's mastermind Imam Samudra, the notorious 'smiling-bomber' Amrozi, and many others were apprehended.[45] Imam Samudra, Amrozi, and Amrozi's brother Ali Ghufron were executed by firing squad on 9 November 2008.
On 9 November 2005, bomb expert and senior player in Jemaah Islamiyah, Malaysian former university lecturer Dr. Azahari Husin, along with two other militants were killed in a raid on a house in Batu, East Java.[46]
The police forces uncovered JI's new command structure in March 2007 and discovered a weapons depot in Java in May 2007. Abu Dujana, suspected leader of JI's military wing and its possible emir, was apprehended on 9 June 2007.[47]
By May 2008, Indonesian police had arrested 418 suspects, of which approximately 250 had been tried and convicted. According to sources within Detachment 88, the JI organisation had been "shrunk", and many of its top operatives had been arrested or killed.[44]
On 17 July 2009, two blasts ripped two Jakarta hotels, JW Marriott and Ritz-Carlton, killing seven.[48] It was the first serious attack for the country in five years. The police stated that it was committed by a more radical splinter group of JI, led by the man then dubbed as the most wanted terrorist in Southeast Asia, Noordin Mohammad Top. Top was killed in a raid two months later on 17 September 2009, in Solo, Central Java.[49] All members of his cell were either killed or captured, including the recruiter and field coordinator of the attack, Ibrohim, killed on 12 August 2009,[50] and the one said to be his successor, Syaifudin Zuhri, killed on 9 October 2009. After Top, many believed that terrorism in Indonesia had run out of charismatic leaders, and grew insignificant. According to South East Asian terrorism expert and director of the South East Asia International Crisis Group, Sidney Jones, Top's death was "a huge blow for the extremist organizations in Indonesia and the region".[51]
On 9 March 2010, Dulmatin, a senior figure in the militant group Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) and one of the most wanted terrorists in Southeast Asia was killed in a police raid in Pamulang, South Tangerang by Detachment 88.[52]
In May 2018, The House of Representatives (DPR) and the government agreed to ratify the draft revision of Law Number 15 of 2013 concerning the Eradication of Criminal Acts of Terrorism (the Anti-terrorism Bill) into law.[53] Previously, police have to wait for members of the suspected terror organisation to commit terrorism, in order to arrest them. The new anti-terrorism law gave the government the authority to identify and submit an organisation as a terrorist organisation to the court. In this new law, the membership to a terrorist cells or terrorist organisation groups, that have been established by the court, is enough to arrest and persecute a terrorist suspect, thus enabled the authority to perform preemptive measures prior to the terrorist attacks. Since then, the JAD (Jamaah Ansharut Daulah), JI (Jemaah Islamiyah), has been submitted as active terrorist groups in Indonesia, which membership to either of these organisation will be prosecuted immediately by Indonesian law.[54]
List of attacks
Date | Prov. | Location | Deaths | Injuries | Type | Perpetrator | Description |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
28 March 1981 | across provinces and countries | Garuda Indonesia Flight 206 | 6 | 2 | Hijacking | Commando Jihad | -- Airports & airlines
|
21 January 1985 | ![]() | Borobudur | 0 | 0 | Improvised explosive device | Husein Ali Al Habsyie | -- Religious figures & institutions |
15 March 1985 | ![]() | Banyuwangi | 7 | 14 | Improvised explosive device | Mochammad Achwan | -- Transport
|
19 April 1999 | ![]() | Merdeka Square | 0 | 4 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
1 August 2000 | ![]() | Menteng | 2 | 21 | Car bomb | - | -- Diplomatic
|
14 September 2000 | ![]() | South Jakarta | 15 | 27 | Car bomb | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Business
|
24 December 2000 | ![]() | Sukabumi | 3 | 20 | Improvised explosive device | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
24 December 2000 | ![]() | Bandung | 4 | 2 | Improvised explosive device | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Religious figures & institutions |
24 December 2000 | ![]() | Jakarta | 4 | 18 | Car bomb | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
24 December 2000 | ![]() | Pekanbaru | 5 | 8 | Improvised explosive device | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
10 May 2001 | ![]() | Setiabudi | 2 | 2 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Government institutions
|
22 July 2001 | ![]() | Duren Sawit | 0 | 43 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
3 April 2002 | ![]() | Ambon City | 4 | 58 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Private citizens & property [65] |
5 June 2002 | ![]() | Poso | 5 | 17 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Transport [66][67] |
12 July 2002 | ![]() | Poso | 1 | 5 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Transport [66] |
8 August 2002 | ![]() | Poso | 1 | 4 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Transport |
4 September 2002 | ![]() | Ambon City | 4 | - | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Private citizens & property
|
12 October 2002 | ![]() | Kuta Beach | 202 | 250+ | Truck bomb & suicide bomb | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Private citizens & property (foreign tourists)
|
5 December 2002 | ![]() | Makassar | 3 | 15 | Suicide bombing | Laskar Jundullah Islamic Militia | -- Private citizens & property
|
26 April 2003 | ![]() | Soekarno–Hatta International Airport | 0 | 11 | Improvised explosive device | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Private citizens & property
|
5 August 2003 | ![]() | Setiabudi | 12 | 150 | Car bomb | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Private citizens & property (foreign tourists)
|
31 December 2003 | ![]() | Peureulak | 10 | 45 | Improvised explosive device | -- Private citizens & property
| |
10 January 2004 | ![]() | Palopo | 4 | 3 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Private citizens & property |
9 September 2004 | ![]() | Setiabudi | 9 | 150 | Car bomb | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Diplomatic
|
13 November 2004 | ![]() | Poso | 6 | 3 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Transport
|
28 May 2005 | ![]() | Tentena | 22 | 90 | Improvised explosive device | - | -- Private citizens & property
|
1 October 2005 | ![]() | Kuta Beach & Jimbaran | 23 | 100 | Suicide bombing | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Private citizens & property (foreign tourists)
|
31 December 2005 | ![]() | Palu | 8 | 53 | Nail bomb | -- Private citizens & property
| |
17 July 2009 | ![]() | Setiabudi | 9 | 53 | Suicide bombing | Jemaah Islamiyah | -- Private citizens & property (foreign tourists)
|
15 April 2011 | ![]() | Cirebon | 1 | 26 | Suicide bombing | - | -- Government institution |
25 September 2011 | ![]() | Solo | 1 | 14 | Suicide bombing | - | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
16 October 2012 | ![]() | Poso | 2 | 0 | Small arms fire | - | -- Government institution
|
2 June 2013 | ![]() | Poso | 1 | 1 | Suicide bombing | - | -- Government institution [84] |
14 January 2016 | ![]() | Central Jakarta | 5 | 24 | Suicide bombing, multiple explosions and shooting spree | ISIL | -- Government institution (police) and expatriates
|
24 May 2017 | ![]() | East Jakarta | 5 | 11 | Suicide bombings | ISIL | -- Government institution (police)
|
25 June 2017 | ![]() | Medan | 1 | 1 | Stabbing | ISIL | -- Government institution (police)
|
23 June 2017 | ![]() | South Jakarta | 1 | 2 | Stabbing | ISIL | -- Government institution (police)
|
8 to 10 May 2018 | ![]() | Depok | 6 | 4 | Terrorist prison standoff | ISIL | -- Government institution (police)
|
13 May 2018 | ![]() | Surabaya | 28 | 40 | Suicide bombings | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Religious figures & institutions
|
13 May 2018 | ![]() | Surabaya | 3 | 0 | Suicide bombings | - | -- Private citizens & property
|
14 May 2018 | ![]() | Surabaya | 10 | TBC | Suicide bombings | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Government institution (police)
|
16 May 2018 | ![]() | Riau | 5 | 2 | Vehicular attack, stabbing | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Government institution (police)
|
5 July 2018 | ![]() | Bangil | 0 | 1 | Improvised explosive device | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Private citizens & property
|
10 October 2019 | ![]() | Menes, Pandeglang, Banten | 0 | 1 | Stabbing | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Government official (minister)
|
13 November 2019 | ![]() | Medan | 1 | 6 | Suicide bombings | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Government institution (police)
|
28 March 2021 | ![]() | Makassar | 2 | 20 | Suicide bombing | Jamaah Ansharut Daulah | -- Religious figures & institution
|
31 March 2021 | ![]() | South Jakarta | 1 | 0 | Shooting | ISIL | -- Government institution (police)
|
Notes
- ^ total casualties from both counter terrorism operations and terrorist attacks
- ^ According to the Indonesian National Police:
- 2000-2015: 35 killed[12]
- 2016: 1 killed[13]
- 2017: 4 killed[13]
- 2018: 8 killed[14]
- 2019: 1 killed[15]
- ^ According to the Indonesian National Police:
- 2000-2015: 67 wounded[12]
- 2016: 11 wounded[13]
- 2017: 14 wounded[13]
- 2018: 23 wounded[14]
- 2019: 11 wounded[15]
- ^ According to the Indonesian National Police and the National Counter Terrorism Agency:
- 2000-2015: 1,064 arrested[12]
- 2016: 170 arrested[20]
- 2017: 176 arrested[21]
- 2018: 396 arrested[21]
- 2019: 297 arrested[15]
- 2020: 228 arrested[22]
- 2021: 370 arrested[23]
- 2022: 247 arrested[24]
- 2023: 148 arrested[25]
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- ^ Nufus, Wilda Hayatun (2021-12-24). "370 Teroris Ditangkap Sepanjang 2021, Terbanyak dari Kelompok JI". Detik.com. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
- ^ Simamora, Mirsan (2022-12-31). Friastuti, Rini (ed.). "Polri Tangkap 247 Teroris di 2022, Terbanyak dari Kelompok Jemaah Islamiyah". Kumparan. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
- ^ Al Afghani, Moch Mardiansyah (2023-12-29). Ninditya, Fransiska (ed.). "Kepala BNPT: 148 teroris ditangkap sepanjang tahun 2023". Antara. Retrieved 2024-07-19.
- ^ https://www.suarasurabaya.net/kelanakota/2022/bnpt-total-tahanan-dan-napi-terorisme-sebanyak-1-031-orang/%3Famp [bare URL]
- ^ "BNPT: Dari 1.036 Eks Napi Teroris, 116 Kembali Jadi Residivis".
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- ^ "Travel Warning - Indonesia". U.S. Embassy Jakarta. 10 May 2006. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 11 November 2006.
- ^ a b "Suicide Bomber Praying as He Detonates Bomb: Survivor". The Jakarta Globe. April 15, 2011. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012.
- ^ a b Arnaz, Farouk (April 15, 2011). "Update: Explosion Was Suicide Attack, Indonesian Police Say". The Jakarta Globe. Archived from the original on September 23, 2012.
- ^ a b "Dua polisi yang hilang di Poso ditemukan tewas". BBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 16 October 2012.
- ^ "Polisi kejar pelaku penembakan pesawat di Papua". BBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 8 April 2012.
- ^ "Tiga polisi Papua tewas diserang di Pirime Jayawijaya". BBC Indonesia (in Indonesian). 27 November 2012.
- ^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 218–219. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
- ^ Vickers, Adrian (2005). A History of Modern Indonesia. Cambridge University Press. pp. 219. ISBN 0-521-54262-6.
- ^ "Travel Warning: Indonesia" (Press release). US Embassy, Jakarta. 10 May 2005. Archived from the original on 11 November 2006. Retrieved 26 December 2006.
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- ^ "Police to quiz Bali 'mastermind'". BBC News. November 25, 2002. Retrieved 25 May 2010.
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