New Democratic Army – Kachin
New Democratic Army – Kachin | |
---|---|
ကချင်ဒီမိုကရေစီသစ် တပ်မတော် | |
Leaders | Zahkung Ting Ying (a.k.a. S'Khon Tein Yein) Layawk Zelum Ying Zelum |
Dates of operation | 1989 – 2009 (As NDA-K) 2009 – present (As BGF) |
Headquarters | Pangwa, Kachin State |
Active regions | Kachin State, Myanmar Myanmar-China border |
Ideology | Kachin nationalism Communism[1] |
Size | 200–300; 700 (peak)[1] |
Allies | ![]()
|
Opponents | State opponents
![]() |
Battles and wars | Internal conflict in Myanmar
|
Preceded by ![]() |
The New Democratic Army – Kachin (Burmese: ကချင်ဒီမိုကရေစီသစ် တပ်မတော်; abbreviated NDA-K), officially known as the Kachin Border Guard Force, is an armed insurgent group that operates in Kachin State, Myanmar. After signing a ceasefire agreement with the military of Myanmar in 1989, it was subsequently converted into a pro-Tatmadaw militia, eventually officially being converted into a Border Guard Force in November 2009.[1][3][4]
History
The NDA-K was founded in 1989 by former Kachin Independence Organization (KIO) officers Zahkung Ting Ying (a.k.a. S'Khon Tein Yein), Layawk Zelum, and Ying Zelum, when they led a communist faction of 700 soldiers that split from the KIO due to its political differences.[1][2] In the same year, the group agreed to a ceasefire with the government, and it de facto operated under the Tatmadaw's command as a "special regional task force".[1]
The group received a budget, rations, and supplies from the government. Additionally, 600 soldiers were paid by the government as part of the Myanmar Police Force.[1] In November 2009, the group became one of the first insurgent groups under a ceasefire agreement to convert into a "border guard force". Some members have since joined the Kachin State Progressive Party (KSPP) to contest in the 2010 general election.[3]
Splinter group
A Rawang leader Lauban Tanggu Dang (Ah Dang; Burmese: တန်ဂူးတန်) established the Rebellion Resistance Force from the NDA-K group.[5]
Leader
Zahkung Ting Ying is a Ngochang from the Yunnan Frontier.[citation needed] In 1968, he split from Kachin Independence Army and joined the Communist Party of Burma and established the CPB's 101 War Zone with Zaluman, another KIA defector.[6][7] In 2016, he was expelled from the Pyidaungsu Hluttaw for violating election laws while campaigning.[8]
Illegal rare-earth mining
Illegal rare earth mining has surged in NDA-K held areas bordering China following the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état.[9][10] In April 2021, 100 rare earth mines were found in the area controlled by the militia.[11] As the Chinese government cracked down on domestic rare earth mining, it has outsourced the destructive mining to Kachin State.[12] As of March 2022[update], 2,700 mining collection pools scattered across 300 separate locations were found in Kachin State, encompassing the area of Singapore, and an exponential increase from 2016.[12] Zakhung Ting Ying and other militia leaders have profited from this extractive industry.[12] In December 2021, US$200 million in rare earths were exported to China.[12]
See also
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Mizzimia Archive – NDA-K". Archived from the original on 23 October 2017. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
- ^ a b NDA-K's Ting Ying declares Burma army will wipeout KIA Archived October 28, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ a b Global Security – KachinArchived October 13, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Asian Correspondent – NDA-K: Burma needs to value peace talks in Kachin State
- ^ More on the Rebellion Resistance Force. Nicholas Farrelly. September 27, 2007. New Mandala. Archived June 26, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ http://jinghpawkasa.blogspot.com/2009/07/zahkung-ting-ying.html "Zawhkung Ting Ying" Jinghpaw Kasa, 2009 Archived January 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ Lintner, B. The Rise and fall of the Communist party of Burma, SEAP Publications, 1990, p25
- ^ Nyan Hlaing Lynn,June 25, 2016,Kachin militia leader expelled from Union Parliament, Frontier. https://frontiermyanmar.net/en/kachin-militia-leader-expelled-from-union-parliament Archived November 28, 2023, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Illegal rare earth mining harms environment in Myanmar's Kachin state". Radio Free Asia. Archived from the original on 15 April 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ "Rare Earths in Myanmar: Unobtanium?". The Diplomat. 14 June 2021. Archived from the original on 29 March 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ "Illegal Rare Earth Mines on China Border Multiply Since Myanmar's Coup". The Irrawaddy. 26 April 2021. Archived from the original on 6 April 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- ^ a b c d "Myanmar's poisoned mountains". Global Witness. 9 August 2022. Archived from the original on 14 April 2024. Retrieved 27 March 2023.
- v
- t
- e
- AA (ULA)
- AA (ANC)
- ABSDF
- ALA (ALP)
- ARSA
- BLA
- BPLA
- CDF
- CNA (CNF)
- CNDF
- DKBA-5
- KIA (KIO)
- KNA
- KNA(B)
- KNLA (KNLP)
- KNDO / KNLA (KNU)
- KA (KNPP)
- KNPLF
- KTLA
- KPC
- LDU
- MNDAA (MNTJP)
- MNLA (NMSP)
- MRDA/BNRA
- NDAA (PSC)
- NSCN-K
- PDF (NUG)
- PLA (CPB)
- PNA (PNO)
- PNLA (PNLO)
- PRA-Magway
- RSO
- SNA
- SSA-N (SSPP)
- SSA-S (RCSS)
- TNLA (PSLF)
- UWSA (UWSP)
- WNA (WNO)
- ZRA (ZRO)
- Communist (1948–1988)
- China–Myanmar border (1960–1961)
- Kachin
- Karen
- Karen–Mon
- Kokang
- Rohingya
- post-2021 coup