Muslim conquest of Majorca
Muslim Conquest of Majorca | |||||||||
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Part of the Reconquista | |||||||||
Sattelite image of Majorca | |||||||||
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Belligerents | |||||||||
Byzantine Empire | Emirate of Córdoba | ||||||||
Commanders and leaders | |||||||||
Unknown | Issam al-Khawlani | ||||||||
Strength | |||||||||
Unknown | Unknown | ||||||||
Casualties and losses | |||||||||
Unknown | Unknown |
- v
- t
- e
- 8th century
- Covadonga
- 1st Roncevaux Pass
- Burbia River
- Orbieu River
- Lutos
- Las Babias
- Río Quirós
- Oviedo
- 1st Lisbon
- 9th century
- 1st Barcelona
- 1st Tortosa
- Pancorbo
- 2nd Roncevaux Pass
- Clavijo
- Albelda
- Guadalacete
- Monte Laturce
- Morcuera
- Polvoraria
- 1st Cellorigo
- 2nd Cellorigo
- 2nd Barcelona
- 10th century
- Day of Zamora
- 1st Majorca
- Pallars and Ribagorza
- 1st San Esteban de Gormaz
- 2nd San Esteban de Gormaz
- Valdejunquera
- 1st Toledo
- Alhandic
- Simancas
- Estercuel
- Torrevicente
- Rueda
- 3rd Barcelona
- 11th century
- Cervera
- Calatañazor
- Torà
- Albesa
- Aqbat al-Bakr
- Graus
- Coimbra
- Barbastro
- Paterna
- Llantada
- Golpejera
- Cabra
- Piedra Pisada
- Morella
- 2nd Toledo
- 1st Zaragoza
- Sagrajas
- Tudela
- Tévar
- 3rd Toledo
- Almodóvar del Río
- 1st Valencia
- 2nd Lisbon
- Alcoraz
- Bairén
- Consuegra
- 4th Toledo
- 5th Toledo
- 12th century
- 2nd Valencia
- Mollerussa
- Balaguer
- Uclés
- Norwegian raid
- 3rd Lisbon
- Talavera
- Formentera
- Ibiza
- 1st Balearic Islands
- 6th Toledo
- Candespina
- Vatalandi
- 1st Santarém
- 2nd Balearic Islands
- Martorell
- Coimbra
- 2nd Zaragoza
- Cutanda
- 1st Lleida
- 1st Granada
- Corbins
- Alcalá
- 3rd Valencia
- Aceca
- 1st Badajoz
- Fraga
- Leiria
- 1st Coria
- Ourique
- Oreja
- Trancoso
- 2nd Coria
- 4th Lisbon
- 1st Montiel
- Soure
- Albacete
- 1st Almería
- Al-Ludjdj
- 2nd Santarém
- Sacavém
- 5th Lisbon
- Sacavém
- 2nd Tortosa
- 2nd Lleida
- 2nd Almería
- 1st Alcácer do Sal
- Palmela
- 1st Évora
- 2nd Badajoz
- Juromenha
- 3rd Santarém
- Central Iberia
- Tarragona
- Cuenca
- Calatrava
- 2nd Seville
- Abrantes
- 2nd Évora
- 4th Santarém
- Alvor
- 1st Silves
- 2nd Silves
- Tomar
- 2nd Alcácer do Sal
- 2nd Silves
- Alarcos
- Talamanca
- 13th century
- Al-Dāmūs
- Las Navas de Tolosa
- 3rd Alcácer do Sal
- 1st Jaén
- Peníscola
- Aragonese raid
- 2nd Majorca
- 2nd Jaén
- 1st Jerez
- Ares
- Burriana
- Córdoba
- El Puig
- 4th Valencia
- Algarve
- 1st Xàtiva
- 2nd Xàtiva
- Biar
- 3rd Jaén
- 3rd Seville
- Faro
- 2nd Jerez
- Mudéjar revolt
- 3rd Jerez
- 1st Murcia
- Écija
- Martos
- Andalusia
- 1st Algeciras
- 2nd Algeciras
- Moclín
- Iznalloz
- 14th century
- 1st Gibraltar
- 3rd Algeciras
- 3rd Almería
- 2nd Gibraltar
- Vega de Granada
- Shepherds' Crusade
- Teba
- 3rd Gibraltar
- 4th Gibraltar
- Vega de Pagana
- Getares
- Río Salado
- Estepona
- Guadalmesí
- 4th Algeciras
- 5th Gibraltar
- Linuesa
- Guadix
- 2nd Montiel
- 5th Algeciras
- 2nd Murcia
- 15th century
- Collejares
- Antequera
- 6th Gibraltar
- La Higueruela
- 7th Gibraltar
- Los Alporchones
- 8th Gibraltar
- 9th Gibraltar
- 2nd Granada campaign
- Lucena
- Málaga
- Post-Reconquista Rebellions
- 1st Alpujarras
- 2nd Alpujarras
- North Africa
The Conquest of Majorca by Muslim troops took place in 902 or 903. It was fought by the Emirate of Córdoba[1] and the Byzantine Empire who were besieged by the Muslims in the Castle of Alaró for eight years and five months.[2]
The emir Abdullah of Córdoba recognized the conquest and named Issam al-Khawlani governor of the island, a position he held from 904 to 912.
On this island [Majorca] there is a great fortress built on a high and desolate place, unequaled in the inhabited world; is known by the name of the Castell d'Alaró. The Majorcans say that when the island was conquered at the time of Muhammad, son of the fifth Ummaya amir in al-Andalus, the Rum became strong in this fortress for eight years and five months after the conquest, without anyone being able do anything against them; only the lack of groceries forced them to go out. This fortress stands on top of a hill of hard stone where there is an abundant spring.
The historiography debates about who were the rums that offered resistance, due to the polysemy of this word; on the one hand it could refer, in a restricted sense, to the Byzantine Empire or, in an extended sense, to the Christians, given that in 897, a papal bull made the islands dependent on the bishopric of Girona, showing the great weakness of the power structures, which have been greatly weakened by successive Muslim attacks.[4]
Muslim rule
The Muslim rule in Majorca (902-1229) began when a powerful man from the Emir of Córdoba, Issam al-Khawlani, traveled on his way to Mecca on pilgrimage with more ships. Faced with a great storm, the emir and his entourage took refuge in Majorca. He discovered an island that he did not know and when he returned from his pilgrimage he tried to find out more about it and inform his lord, the emir Abdullah of the defensive conditions and incite him to conquer it.
Issam al-Khawlani informed his lord that Majorca belonged to an archipelago of islands that the old Romans called Baleària. Soon the emir sent many ships towards the archipelago, mainly the largest one to achieve its conquest. Despite the opposition, the natives held out for eight years and five months. Once reintegrated into the Emirate of Córdoba, the arrival of Saracens was constant.
Governors of Majorca
Lords of Majorca of the Emirate of Córdoba (902-1012)
- Issam al-Khawlani (902-913)
- Abdullah ibn Issam al-Khawlani (913-946)
- Al-Muwaffaq (946-969)
- Kautir (969-998)
- Muqatil (998-1012)
Lords of Majorca of the Taifa of Dénia (1009-76)
- Abu-l-Abbàs ibn Raixiq (1016-?)
- Al-Àghlab (< 1041)
- Sulayman ibn Maxiqan (<1076)
- Abd-Al·lah ibn al-Murtada ibn al-Àghlab (1076-1087) Valí.
Independent Emirs of Majorca (1076-1115)
- Abd-Al·lah ibn al-Murtada ibn al-Àghlab (1087-1093), Emir.
- Mubàixxir Nàssir-ad-Dawla (1093-1114)
- Abu-r-Rabí Sulayman (1114-1115)
Almoravid lords of Majorca (1116-1203)
- Wànur ibn Abi-Bakr (1116-1126)
- Muhàmmad ibn Ghàniya (1126-1155)
- Ishaq ibn Muhàmmad ibn Ghàniya (1155-1184)
- Muhàmmad ibn Ishaq ibn Ghàniya (1184)
- Alí ibn Ghàniya (1184-1187)
- 'Abdallah ibn Ghaniya (1187-1203)
Almohad lords of Majorca (1203-1229)
- Abd-Al·lah ibn Ta-Al·lah al-Kumí (1203)
- Abu Zayd ibn Tujan (1204-1208)
- Abu Abd-Allah ibn Abi Hafs ibn Abdelmumen (1208)
- Abu Yahya Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Abi Imran al-Tinmalali (1208-1229)
References
- ^ Amengual i Batle, Josep (1997). Guía para visitar los santuarios marianos de Baleares. Encuentro. p. 10. ISBN 847490434X.
- ^ Palos, J. C. (25 January 2020). "El puig d'Alaró, estendard de la resistència dels pobladors de Mallorca". Ara Balears. Retrieved 9 April 2020.
- ^ Barceló Perelló, Miquel (1975). "Comentaris a un text sobre Mallorca del geògraf al-Zuhri (s. VI-XII)". Mayurqa (14): 155-164.
- ^ Barceló Perelló, M. (1976). "La pretesa al·lusió a Mallorca i a Menorca en unes butlles dels papes Formòs (892) i Romà (897) al bisbe Servusdei de Girona". Annals de l'Institut d'Estudis Gironins, vol. 23. Girona: Institut d'Estudis Gironins. p. 247-255. ISSN 0213-6228. Retrieved 11 December 2010.