Maurice Princet
Maurice Princet (1875 – October 23, 1973)[1] was a French mathematician and actuary who played a role in the birth of cubism. He was an associate of Pablo Picasso, Guillaume Apollinaire, Max Jacob, Jean Metzinger, and Marcel Duchamp. He is known as "le mathématicien du cubisme" ("the mathematician of cubism").[2][3]
Princet is credited with introducing the work of Henri Poincaré and the concept of the "fourth dimension" to the cubists at the Bateau-Lavoir.[4] Princet brought to Picasso's attention a 1903 book by Esprit Jouffret, Traité élémentaire de géométrie à quatre dimensions (Elementary Treatise on the Geometry of Four Dimensions),[5] a popularization of Poincaré's Science and Hypothesis in which Jouffret described hypercubes and other complex polyhedra in four dimensions and projected them onto the two-dimensional page. Picasso's sketchbooks for Les Demoiselles d'Avignon illustrate Jouffret's influence on the artist's work.[6]
In 1907, Princet's wife left him for André Derain, and he drifted away from the circle of artists at the Bateau-Lavoir.[7] But Princet remained close to Metzinger and participated in meetings of the Section d'Or in Puteaux. He gave informal lectures to the group, many of whom were passionate about mathematical order.[8]
Princet's influence on the cubists was attested to by his contemporaries. Maurice de Vlaminck wrote, "I witnessed the birth of cubism, its growth, its decline. Picasso was the obstetrician, Guillaume Apollinaire the midwife, Princet the godfather."[9]
In 1910, Metzinger said of him, "[Picasso] lays out a free, mobile perspective, from which that ingenious mathematician Maurice Princet has deduced a whole geometry".[10] Later, Metzinger wrote in his memoirs that:
Maurice Princet joined us often. Although quite young, thanks to his knowledge of mathematics he had an important job in an insurance company. But, beyond his profession, it was as an artist that he conceptualized mathematics, as an aesthetician that he invoked n-dimensional continuums. He loved to get the artists interested in the new views on space that had been opened up by Schlegel and some others. He succeeded at that.[11]
Louis Vauxcelles sarcastically dubbed Princet "the father of cubism":
M. Princet has studied at length non-Euclidean geometry and the theorems of Riemann, of which Gleizes and Metzinger speak rather carelessly. Now then, M. Princet one day met M. Max Jacob and confided him one or two of his discoveries relating to the fourth dimension. M. Jacob informed the ingenious M. Picasso of it, and M. Picasso saw there a possibility of new ornamental schemes. M. Picasso explained his intentions to M. Apollinaire, who hastened to write them up in formularies and codify them. The thing spread and propagated. Cubism, the child of M. Princet, was born.[12]
Duchamp told Pierre Cabanne, "We weren't mathematicians at all, but we really did believe in Princet".[13]
See also
Notes
- ^ Miller, Arthur I. (2001). Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time, and the Beauty That Causes Havoc. New York: Basic Books. pp. 171. ISBN 0-465-01860-2.
- ^ Miller. Einstein, Picasso. pp. 100. ISBN 0-465-01859-9. Miller cites:
- Salmon, André (1955). Souvenir sans fin, Première époque (1903–1908). Paris: Éditions Gallimard. p. 187.
- Salmon, André (1956). Souvenir sans fin, Deuxième époque (1908–1920). Paris: Éditions Gallimard. p. 24.
- Crespelle, Jean-Paul (1978). La Vie quotidienne à Montmartre au temps de Picasso, 1900-1910. Paris: Hachette. p. 120. ISBN 2-01-005322-2.
- ^ Décimo, Marc (2007). Maurice Princet, Le Mathématicien du Cubisme (in French). Paris: Éditions L'Echoppe. ISBN 2-84068-191-9.
- ^ Miller. Einstein, Picasso. pp. 101. ISBN 0-465-01859-9.
- ^ Jouffret, Esprit (1903). Traité élémentaire de géométrie à quatre dimensions et introduction à la géométrie à n dimensions (in French). Paris: Gauthier-Villars. OCLC 1445172. Retrieved 2008-02-06.
- ^ Miller. Einstein, Picasso. pp. 106–117.
- ^ Robbin, Tony (2006). Shadows of Reality, The Fourth Dimension in Relativity, Cubism, and Modern Thought. New Haven: Yale University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-300-11039-1.
- ^ Everdell, William R. (1997). The First Moderns: Profiles in the Origins of Twentieth-Century Thought. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 312. ISBN 0-226-22480-5.
- ^ Vlaminck, Maurice (June 6, 1942). "Opinions libres... sur la peinture". Comédia: 1, 6.
J'ai assisté à la naissance du cubisme, à sa croissance, à son déclin. Picasso en fut l'accoucheur, Guillaume Apollinaire la sage-femme, Princet le parrain.
in Seckel, Hélène (1994). "Anthology of Early Commentary on Les Demoiselles d'Avignon". In William Rubin; Hélène Seckel; Judith Cousins (eds.). Les Demoiselles d'Avignon. New York: Museum of Modern Art. p. 264. ISBN 0-87070-162-2. - ^ Metzinger, Jean (October–November 1910). "Note sur la peinture". Pan: 60. in Miller. Einstein, Picasso. p. 167.
- ^ Metzinger, Jean (1972). Le cubisme était né. Paris: Éditions Présence. pp. 43–44. in Ferry, Luc (1993). Homo Aestheticus: The Invention of Taste in the Democratic Age. Robert De Loaiza, trans. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. pp. 215. ISBN 0-226-24459-8.
- ^ Vauxcelles, Louis (December 29, 1918). "Le Carnet des ateliers: La Père du cubisme". Le Carnet de la semaine: 11. in Henderson, Linda Dalrymple (1983). The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press. p. 72. ISBN 0-691-10142-6.
- ^ Cabanne, Pierre (1971). Dialogues with Marcel Duchamp. London: Thames and Hudson. p. 39. in Crunden, Robert Morse (1993). American Salons: Encounters with European Modernism, 1885-1917. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 431. ISBN 0-19-506569-7.
Further reading
- Décimo, Marc (2007). Maurice Princet, Le Mathématicien du Cubisme (in French). Paris: Éditions L'Echoppe. ISBN 2-84068-191-9.
- Henderson, Linda Dalrymple (1983). The Fourth Dimension and Non-Euclidean Geometry in Modern Art. Princeton: Princeton University Press. ISBN 0-691-10142-6.
- Miller, Arthur I. (2001). Einstein, Picasso: Space, Time, and the Beauty That Causes Havoc. New York: Basic Books. ISBN 0-465-01860-2.
- v
- t
- e
- Alexander Archipenko
- María Blanchard
- Constantin Brâncuși
- Joseph Csaky
- Robert Delaunay
- Sonia Delaunay
- Marcel Duchamp
- Pierre Dumont
- Raymond Duchamp-Villon
- Alexandra Exter
- Henri Le Fauconnier
- Roger de La Fresnaye
- Albert Gleizes
- Natalia Goncharova
- Henri Hayden
- Auguste Herbin
- František Kupka
- Jean Lambert-Rucki
- Marie Laurencin
- Henri Laurens
- Fernand Léger
- Jacques Lipchitz
- André Lhote
- Jean Marchand
- Louis Marcoussis
- Jean Metzinger
- Francis Picabia
- Georges Ribemont-Dessaignes
- Jeanne Rij-Rousseau
- Diego Rivera
- Gino Severini
- Léopold Survage
- Tobeen
- Henry Valensi [fr]
- Georges Valmier
- Jacques Villon
- Les Demoiselles d'Avignon (Picasso)
- Portrait of Ambroise Vollard (Picasso)
- Portrait of Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (Picasso)
- The Accordionist (Picasso)
- Le pigeon aux petits pois (Picasso)
- La Coiffeuse (Picasso)
- Le goûter (Metzinger)
- La Femme au Cheval (Metzinger)
- Dancer in a café (Metzinger)
- L'Oiseau bleu (Metzinger)
- La Femme aux Phlox (Gleizes)
- Portrait of Jacques Nayral (Gleizes)
- Man on a Balcony (Gleizes)
- Les Baigneuses (Gleizes)
- Les Joueurs de football (Gleizes)
- Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2 (Duchamp)
- The Cathedral (Katedrála) (Kupka)
- The City (Léger)
- Still Life with Candlestick (Léger)
- Still Life with Checked Tablecloth (Gris)
- Three Musicians (Picasso)
- Groupe de femmes (Csaky)
- Danseuse (Csaky)
- Head (Csaky)
- Paul Cézanne
- Paul Gauguin
- Gustave Courbet
- Georges Seurat
- Paul Signac
- Maurice Princet
- Esprit Jouffret
- Neo-impressionism
- Pointillism
- Divisionism
- Symbolism (arts)
- Fauvism
- Proto-Cubism
- Chronophotography
- Du "Cubisme" (1912 book)
- The Cubist Painters, Aesthetic Meditations (1913 book)
- La Maison Cubiste
- Louis Vauxcelles (critic)
- Guillaume Apollinaire (poet, critic)
- André Salmon (critic)
- Max Jacob (poet)
- Maurice Raynal (poet, critic)
- Daniel-Henry Kahnweiler (art dealer)
- Léonce Rosenberg (art dealer)
- Paul Rosenberg (art dealer)
- Daniel Robbins (art historian)
- Gertrude Stein (art collector)
- Berthe Weill (art dealer)
- Wilhelm Uhde (art collector)
- John Quinn (collector)
- Leonard Lauder (art collector)
- Douglas Cooper (art historian)
- Arthur Jerome Eddy (art collector)
- Pierre Reverdy (poet)
- Blaise Cendrars (poet)
- Armory Show
- Fourth dimension in art