List of wars involving France
This is a list of wars involving modern France from the abolition of the French monarchy and the establishment of the French First Republic on 21 September 1792 until the current Fifth Republic.
- For wars involving the Kingdom of France (987–1792), see List of wars involving the Kingdom of France.
- For pre-987 wars, see List of wars involving Francia.
- French victory
- French defeat
- Another result *
- Ongoing conflict
*e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result, status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive, inconclusive
First French Republic (1792–1804)
Conflict | Allies | Opponents | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
French Revolution (1789–1799) Location: France | Kingdom of France | Revolutionaries
| French Republican victory
|
War of the First Coalition (1792–1797) Location: Western, Central, and Southern Europe, West Indies | French Republic French satellites:[1]
French naval allies:
| Armée des Émigrés First Coalition:
Papal States (1792–1797)[9] | French victory |
War in the Vendée (1793–1796) Location: Western France (former provinces of Anjou, Poitou, and Brittany) | French First Republic:
| French Royalists:
Supported by: Great Britain | French Republican victory |
War of the Pyrenees (1793–1795) Location: Pyrenees | France | Kingdom of Spain Kingdom of Portugal | French victory |
Haitian Revolution (1791–1804) Location: Saint-Domingue | Slave owners Kingdom of France French Republic | Ex-slaves French royalists Captaincy General of Santo Domingo (1793–1795) Great Britain Ex-slaves (1802–1803) | Haitian victory
|
French invasion of Switzerland (1798) Location: Switzerland | France | Switzerland | French victory |
War of the Second Coalition (1798–1802) Location: Europe, Middle East, Mediterranean and Caribbean Seas | France
| Holy Roman Empire (until 1801)[c]
Great Britain (pre-1801) | French victory
|
Peasants' War (1798) Location: Southern Netherlands | French Republic | Brigands | French victory |
Quasi-War (1798–1800) Location: Atlantic and Indian Oceans, the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Seas | French Republic | United States Co-belligerent: | Convention of 1800
|
War of the Oranges (1801) Location: Portugal | France | Kingdom of Portugal | French victory
|
First French Empire (1804–1814, 1815)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
War of the Third Coalition (1803–06) Location: Central Europe, Italy and the Atlantic Ocean | France Batavian Republic Bavaria Etruria Italy Spain Württemberg | Holy Roman Empire Naples Russia Sicily Sweden United Kingdom | French victory
|
Franco-Swedish War (1805–10) Location: Swedish Pomerania | France | Sweden | French victory
|
Siege of Santo Domingo (1805) Location: Santo Domingo, Saint-Domingue | France | Haiti | French victory
|
War of the Fourth Coalition (1806) Location: Central Europe, Wallachia and Moldavia | France
Spain | Prussia Russia Saxony (until 11 December 1806) Sicily Sweden United Kingdom | French victory
|
Gunboat War (1807–1814) Location: Danish–Norwegian waters | Denmark–Norway Co-belligerent: | United Kingdom Co-belligerent: | British victory
|
Finnish War (1808–1809) | Russian Empire Co-belligerent: | Sweden Supported by: | Russian victory |
Dano-Swedish War of 1808–09 (1808–1809) Location: Scandinavia | Denmark–Norway Co-belligerent: | Sweden Co-belligerent: | Inconclusive |
Peninsular War (1808–1814) Location: Iberian Peninsula and Southern France | France | Spain Portugal United Kingdom | Coalition victory
|
War of the Fifth Coalition (1809) Location: Central Europe, Italy and Netherlands | France | Austria | French victory
|
Tyrolean Rebellion (1809) Location: Tyrol | French Empire | Tyrolean partisans | French victory
|
French invasion of Russia (1812) Location: Eastern Europe | France | Russia | Russian victory
|
War of the Sixth Coalition (1813–1814) Location: Central and Eastern Europe | France
Until January 1814
| Original coalition After the Armistice of Pläswitz After the Battle of Leipzig After January 1814 | Coalition victory
|
Hundred Days (1815) Location: France and Netherlands | France Naples | Austria Prussia Russia United Kingdom Baden Bavaria Brunswick Denmark Kingdom of France Hanover Liechtenstein Nassau Netherlands Portugal Sardinia Saxony Sicily Spain Sweden Switzerland Tuscany Württemberg | Coalition-Bourbon victory
|
Bourbon Restoration (1814–15, 1815–1830)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Hundred Thousand Sons of Saint Louis (1823) Location: Spain | Kingdom of France Armée de la Foi | Partisans of the Cortes | French and Spanish Royalist victory |
Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) Location: Greece | 1821: Filiki Eteria Greek revolutionaries After 1822: Hellenic Republic Supported by: Romanian Revolutionaries (1821) Philhellenes United Kingdom (after 1826) Russian Empire (after 1826) Kingdom of France (after 1826) Serb and Montenegrin volunteers | Ottoman Empire | Greek victory
|
Franco-Trarzan War of 1825 (1825) Location: Waalo, West Africa | France | Trarza | French victory |
Irish and German Mercenary Soldiers' Revolt (1825) Location: Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | Empire of Brazil France United Kingdom | Irish mercenaries German mercenaries | Revolt Suppressed |
July Revolution (July 1830) Location: France | Bourbon Restoration (Legitimists) | Orléanists | Orléanist victory
|
July Monarchy (1830–1848)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Liberal Wars (1828–34) Location: Portugal | Liberals Supported by: | Miguelites Supported by: | Liberal victory |
French conquest of Algeria (1827–1830–1857) Location: Regency of Algiers | France | Ottoman Empire Emirate of Abdelkader | French victory |
Belgian Revolution (1830–31) Location: The Low Countries | Belgian rebels France | United Netherlands | Franco-Belgian victory
|
June Rebellion (1832) Location: Paris, France | July Monarchy | Republicans | Orléanist victory, rebellion crushed |
First Carlist War (1833–1840) Location: Spain | Liberals Supported by: France United Kingdom Portugal (from 1834) | Carlists Supported by: Portugal (until 1834) | French and Liberal victory |
First Franco-Mexican War (1838–1839) Location: Mexico | France | Mexico | French victory
|
Uruguayan Civil War (1839–1851) Location: Uruguay | Colorados Unitarian Party Brazil France United Kingdom Riograndense Republic Italian redshirts | Blancos Federalist Party (Argentina) Argentine Confederation | Colorado victory, Arana-Southern Treaty for Anglo-French blockade of the Rio de la Plata |
Second Egyptian-Ottoman War (1839–1841) Location: The Levant | Eyalet of Egypt Kingdom of France Kingdom of Spain | Ottoman Empire British Empire Austrian Empire Russian Empire Kingdom of Prussia | Ottoman victory
|
First Franco-Moroccan War (1844) Location: Morocco | France | Morocco Algerian volunteers | French victory |
Franco-Tahitian War (1844–1847) Location: Tahiti | France | Tahiti Huahine Raiatea Bora Bora and Tahaa | French victory |
Bombardment of Tourane (1847) Location: Off Tourane (Da Nang), South Central Coast of Vietnam | France | Nguyễn dynasty | French victory |
French Revolution of 1848 (February 1848) | July Monarchy Supported by: United Kingdom | Republicans Socialists | Republican victory
|
Second French Republic (1848–1852)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
First Italian War of Independence (1848–1849) | Austrian Empire Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia France (1849) | Kingdom of Sardinia Supported by: | French-Austrian Victory
|
June Days uprising (June 1848) Location: France | French Second Republic | Socialist rebels | Second Republic victory
|
French invasion of Honolulu (1849) | France | Hawaiian Kingdom | Victory |
Second French Empire (1852–1870)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Taiping Rebellion (1850–1871) Location: China | Later stages: |
| Qing victory
|
Bombardment of Salé (1851) Location: Morocco | France | Sherifian Empire | French military victory French political failure
|
Crimean War (1853–1856) Location: Crimea, Caucasus, Balkans, Black Sea, Baltic Sea, White Sea, Far East | France Ottoman Empire Britain[e] Sardinia[f] Supported by: Austrian Empire Caucasus Imamate[g] Circassia Abkhazia[f] | Russian Empire Kurdish rebels Greece[h] | Allied victory
|
Second Opium War (1857) Location: China | France United Kingdom India United States | Qing dynasty | Allied victory |
Siege of Medina Fort (1857) Location: Médine, Mali | France | Toucouleur Empire | French victory |
Cochinchina Campaign (1858–1862) Location: Vietnam | Second French Empire Spain | Nguyễn dynasty | Franco-Spanish victory
|
Second Italian War of Independence (1859) Location: Lombardy–Venetia, Piedmont and the Austrian Littoral | French Empire Kingdom of Sardinia Supported By: United Principalities | Austrian Empire Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia | Franco-Sardinian victory |
Expedition of the Thousand (1860–61) Location: Sicily and Southern Italy | Two Sicilies Supported by Papal States France Spain | Sardinia Supported by United Kingdom | Unification Victory |
Second Franco-Mexican War (1862–1867) Location: Mexico | France Mexican Empire | United Mexican States United States (from 1865)[17] | French Defeat
|
Shimonoseki Campaign (1863–1864) Location: Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi, Japan | Britain French Empire Netherlands United States | Chōshū Domain | Allied victory |
French campaign against Korea (1866) Location: Korea | France | Korea | French defeat
|
Garibaldis Expedition to Rome 1867 Location: Rome | France Papal States | Italian volunteers | Franco-Papal Victory |
Franco-Prussian War (1870–71) Location: France | France | North German Confederation Grand Duchy of Baden | French Defeat
|
French Third Republic (1870–1940)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Paris Commune (1871) Location: Paris | French Third Republic | Communards National Guards | Third Republic victory |
Annexation of the Leeward Islands (1880–1897) Location: Society Islands | France Tahiti (French protectorate) | Raiatea-Tahaa Huahine Bora Bora | French Victory |
French conquest of Tunisia (1881) Location: Tunisia | France | Beylik of Tunis | French victory
|
Mandingo Wars (1883–1898) Location: West Africa | France | Wassoulou Empire | French victory |
First Madagascar expedition (1883–1885) Location: Madagascar | France | Merina Kingdom | French victory |
Sino-French War (1884–1885) Location: Southeast mainland China, Taiwan, northern Vietnam
| France | China Black Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty | Both sides declared victory
|
Tonkin Campaign (1883–1886) Location: Northern Vietnam | France | Qing dynasty Black Flag Army Nguyễn dynasty | French victory
|
First Franco-Dahomean War (1890) Location: Ouémé Department of modern Benin | France | Dahomey | French victory
|
Second Franco-Dahomean War (1892–1894) Location: Ouémé Department and Zou Department of modern Benin | France | Dahomey | French victory
|
Franco-Siamese conflict (1893) Location: French Indochina, Siam | French Republic | Siam | French victory
|
First Italo-Ethiopian War (1894–1896) | Ethiopia Support: Russia[18][19][20] France[21][22] Eritrean rebels[23] | Italy | Ethiopian victory |
Second Madagascar expedition (1894–1895) Location: Madagascar | France | Merina Kingdom | French victory |
Cretan Revolt (1897–1898) Location: Crete | Cretan revolutionaries Kingdom of Greece British Empire France Italy Russian Empire Austria-Hungary (until April 12, 1898) German Empire (until March 16, 1898) | Ottoman Empire | French victory
|
Boxer Rebellion (1899) Location: North China | France British Empire Russia Japan Germany United States Italy Austria-Hungary Netherlands Belgium Spain Mutual Protection of Southeast China | Boxers Qing dynasty | Allied victory |
Rabih War (1899–1901) Location: West Africa | France | Kanem–Bornu Empire | French victory |
1904–1905 uprising in Madagascar (1904–1905) Location: Madagascar | France | Rebels | French victory
|
Ouaddai War (1909–1911) Location: Ouaddai Empire | France | Ouaddai Empire | French victory
|
French conquest of Morocco (1911–1934) Location: North Africa | France | Zaian Confederation Varying other Berber tribes | French victory |
Zaian War (1914–1921) Location: French protectorate of Morocco | France | Zaian Confederation Varying other Berber tribes Supported during the First World War by the Central Powers | French victory |
First World War (1914–1918) Location: Europe, Africa, Asia, Middle East, the Pacific Islands, and coast of North and South America | Allied Powers Russian Empire | Central Powers Germany | Allied victory
|
Volta-Bani War (1915–1917) Location: Burkino Faso, Mali | France | Marka, Bwa, Lela, Nuni, and Bobo people | French victory |
Kaocen revolt (1916–1917) Location: Northern Niger | France | Tuareg guerrillas | French victory |
Thái Nguyên uprising (1917–1918) Location: Northern Vietnam | France | Vietnamese rebels | French victory
|
Occupation of Constantinople (1918–1923) Location: Istanbul | United Kingdom France Italy Greece United States[24] Japan[24] | Ottoman Empire | Temporary occupation |
November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine Location: Alsace-Lorraine | French Third Republic | Alsace-Lorraine Soviet Republic | Third Republic victory
|
Hungarian-Romanian War (1918–1919) Location: Hungary, and Transylvania | Romania Supported by: France | Hungarian Republic (until 21 March 1919) Soviet Hungary Supported by: Soviet Russia | Romanian victory |
Franco-Turkish War (1918–1921) Location: Cilicia and Upper Mesopotamia | France | Grand National Assembly | French loss
|
Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War (1918–1920) | United States | Russian SFSR | Allied withdrawal
|
German Revolution of 1918–1919 (1918–1919) Location: German Empire | 1918–1919: Weimar Republic Supported by: | FSR Germany Supported by: Russian SFSR | Weimar victory |
Hungarian–Czechoslovak War (1918–1919) Location: Slovakia, Carpathian Ruthenia, Hungary | Czechoslovakia Supported by: France Romania | Hungarian Republic (until 21 March 1919) Soviet Hungary (from 21 March 1919) Supported by: Soviet Russia | Czechoslovakian victory
|
1919 Luxembourgish rebellion (January 1919) Location: Luxembourg | French Third Republic Grand Duchy of Luxembourg | Comité de Salut Public (Luxembourg) [nl] Republic of Luxembourg | French and Luxembourgish monarchist victory
|
Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921) Location: Central and Eastern Europe | Poland Belarusian PR Latvia[i] Ukrainian People's Republic[j] Supported by: France Hungarian Republic Romania Russian Whites United Kingdom[k] United States[k] | Russian SFSR Byelorussian SSR Polrewkom Ukrainian SSR | Polish victory |
Bender Uprising (1919) Location: Tighina, Kingdom of Romania (present day Bender, Moldova) | France Romania | Red Guards Ukrainian SSR | Franco-Romanian victory |
Franco-Syrian War (1920) Location: Syria
| France | Arab Kingdom of Syria
| French victory
|
Rif War (1920–1927) Location: Morocco | Spain France (1925–1926) Jebala tribes | Republic of the Rif Jebala tribes | Franco-Spanish victory
|
Great Syrian Revolt (1925–1927) Location: French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon | France
| Syrian rebels | French victory |
Kongo-Wara rebellion (1928–1931) Location: French Equatorial Africa, French Cameroon | France Co-belligerents: | Gbaya people and clans Co-belligerents: | French victory |
Yên Bái mutiny (1930) Location: Vietnam | France | Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng | French victory
|
Second World War (1939–1945) Location: Europe, Pacific Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Southeast Asia, East Asia, Middle East, Mediterranean, North Africa, Oceania, North and South America | Allied Powers United States | Axis Powers Germany | Allied victory
|
Vichy France (1940–1944)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Franco-Thai War (1940–1941) Location: French Indochina | Vichy France | Thailand | Thai tactical victory
|
French Fourth Republic (1946–1958)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
War in Vietnam (1945–1946) Location: Vietnam | France British Empire Japan Allied captured soldiers. | Việt Minh | Operational success
|
First Indochina War (1946–1954) Location: French Indochina
| France
Cambodia Supported by: | Viet Minh Lao Issara (1945–1949)
Japanese volunteers Supported by: | French defeat
|
Malagasy Uprising (1947–1948) Location: Madagascar | France | MDRM | French victory
|
Korean War (1950–1953) Location: Korea | South Korea United States United Kingdom Australia Belgium Canada France Philippines Colombia Ethiopia Greece Luxembourg Netherlands New Zealand South Africa Thailand Turkey | North Korea China Soviet Union | UN Victory
|
Algerian War (1954–1962) Location: Algeria | France | FLN | French defeat
|
Bamileke War (1955–1964) Location: French Cameroon | Before 1960 France | UPC | French-Cameroonian victory |
Suez Crisis (1956) Location: Gaza Strip and Egypt (Sinai and Suez Canal zone) | Israel United Kingdom France | Egypt | Coalition military victory Egyptian political victory |
Ifni War (1957–1958) Location: Spanish Sahara, Ifni, Morocco | Spain France | Moroccan Army of Liberation | Franco-Spanish victory |
French Fifth Republic (1958–present)
Conflict | France & allies | France's opposition | Outcome |
---|---|---|---|
Basque conflict (1959–2011) Location: Basque country | Spain | Neo-fascist paramilitaries:
Basque National Liberation Movement:
| Victory |
Bizerte crisis (1961) | France | Tunisia | French victory |
Sand War (1963–1964) | Morocco Support: France[29] | Algeria Support: Egypt[30] Cuba[31] | Military stalemate[32]
|
Dirty War (1974–1983) Location: Argentina | Argentina
Supported by: | ERP Montoneros | Argentine government victory
|
Western Sahara War (1975–1991) Location: Western Sahara | Morocco Mauritania (1975–1979) France (1977–78) Operation Lamantin, aid from 1978) Supported by: Saudi Arabia United States | Western Sahara Algeria | Inconclusive
|
Angolan Civil War (1975–2002) Location: Angola | UNITA FNLA (1975–1978) South Africa(1975–1991) Zaire(1975) Supported By United States (1975–1991) Morocco (1970s) China (1975) FLEC Material support: France | MPLA Cuba(1975–1991) SWAPO (1975–1991) ANC(1975–1991) Executive Outcomes (1993–1995) FLNC (1975–2001) Namibia (2001–2002) Material support: Soviet Union (1975–1991) Yugoslavia (1975–1991) North Korea (1980s) Brazil Mexico | MPLA Victory |
Corsican conflict (1976–present) Location: Corsica | France | Corsican nationalist paramilitaries
| Victory |
Shaba I (1977) Location: Shaba Province, Zaire | France Zaire Morocco Egypt Belgium Supported by: United States China Saudi Arabia Sudan Nigeria | Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC) Supported by: Angola Soviet Union East Germany | Zairian victory |
Chadian–Libyan Conflict (1978–1987) Location: Chad | Anti-Libyan Chadian factions France | Libya Pro-Libyan Chadian factions PLO (1987) | Chadian-French victory
|
Shaba II (1978) | France Zaire Belgium Morocco United States Supported by China | Front for the National Liberation of the Congo (FNLC) Supported by Angola Cuba (alleged) Soviet Union (alleged) | Zairian victory |
Rwandan Civil War (1990−1994) Location: Rwanda | Rwanda Zaire (1990) France | Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) | Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) victory |
Gulf War (1990–1991) Location: Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and | Kuwait United States United Kingdom Saudi Arabia Egypt France Syria Morocco Oman Pakistan Canada United Arab Emirates Qatar Bangladesh Italy Australia Netherlands | Iraq | Coalition victory
|
Djiboutian Civil War (1991–1994) Location: Northern Djibouti | Djibouti Supported by : France | FRUD | Franco-Djiboutian victory
|
Bosnian War (1992–1995) Location: Bosnia and Herzegovina | Bosnia and Herzegovina Herzeg-Bosnia Croatia Support: NATO | Republika Srpska Serbian Krajina Western Bosnia (from 1993) Support: FR Yugoslavia | Croatian and Bosnian victory |
Kosovo War (1998–1999) Location: Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (then part of Serbia | KLA Belgium Canada Denmark France Germany Italy Luxembourg Netherlands Norway Portugal Spain Turkey United Kingdom United States | FR Yugoslavia | NATO Victory |
War in Afghanistan (2001–2014) Location: Afghanistan | ISAF | Taliban al-Qaeda | Taliban victory
|
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) | Algeria Mauritania Tunisia Libya Mali Niger Chad France Turkey | al-Qaeda | Ongoing |
First Ivorian Civil War (2002–2007) Location: Ivory Coast | Ivory Coast Young Patriots of Abidjan militia Liberian mercenaries Supported by: Russia Bulgaria Belarus | Forces Nouvelles de Côte d'Ivoire | Victory |
Haitian coup d'état (2004) Location: Haiti | National Revolutionary Front for the Liberation of Haiti | Republic of Haiti | Victory |
Chadian Civil War (2005–2010) Location: Chad | Chad France NMRD JEM | Rebels Janjaweed Alleged support: Sudan (until 2010) | Victory |
Somali Civil War (2009–present) Location: Somalia | Somalia United States European Union | Al-Qaeda | Ongoing |
Boko Haram insurgency (2009–present) Location: Northeast Nigeria | Nigeria Cameroon Chad Niger Turkey Supported by: Benin Canada China France Iran Israel Italy Spain United Kingdom United States | Boko Haram | Ongoing |
Second Ivorian Civil War (2010–2011) Location: Ivory Coast | New Forces Liberian mercenaries RDR UNOCI France | Military of Ivory Coast Liberian mercenaries Young Patriots of Abidjan Ivorian Popular Front | Victory |
First Libyan Civil War (2011) Location: Libya | NATO | Libyan Arab Jamahiriya:
| Victory
|
Northern Mali Conflict (2012–2022) Location: Northern Mali | Government of Mali | National Movement for the Liberation of Azawad (MNLA)
| Mixed Results
|
Central African Republic Civil War (2012–2021) Location: Central African Republic | Central African Republic MINUSCA (since 2014) MISCA (2013–2014) MICOPAX (2013) France (2013–16) | FPRC UPC MPC | France ended support for Central African Republic in 2021.[37] |
Iraqi Civil War (2014–2017) Location: Iraq
| Iraq CJTF–OIR | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant | Victory |
Opération Chammal (2014–present) | France | Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant Syria | Ongoing
|
Operation Aspides (19 February 2024 – present) Location: Red Sea, Gulf of Aden, Yemen | European Union | Yemen (SPC)
| Ongoing |
See also
- Anglo-French Wars
- Franco-Spanish War (disambiguation)
- ISIL-related terror attacks in France
- List of battles involving France (disambiguation)
- List of wars in the Low Countries until 1560
- List of wars in the southern Low Countries (1560–1829)
- Military history of France
Notes
- ^ Abolished following the restoration of the neutral Papal States in 1799.
- ^ Short lived state that replaced the Kingdom of Naples in 1799.
- ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, of which the Austrian Netherlands and the Duchy of Milan were under direct Austrian rule. Also encompassed many other Italian states, as well as other Habsburg states such as the Grand Duchy of Tuscany.
- ^ Duchy of Warsaw as a state was in effect fully occupied by Russian and Prussian forces by May 1813, although most Poles remained loyal to Napoleon.
- ^ From 1854
- ^ a b From 1855
- ^ Until 1855
- ^ Until 1854
- ^ Battle of Daugavpils
- ^ After 1920
- ^ a b Volunteers
- ^ The Anti-Terrorist Liberation Groups (GAL) was supported by some officials of the Spanish government, most notably José Barrionuevo.
References
Citations
- ^ Including the Polish Legions formed in French-allied Italy in 1797, following the abolition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth after the Third Partition in 1795.
- ^ The French Revolutionary Army and Dutch revolutionaries overthrew the Dutch Republic and established the Batavian Republic as a puppet state in its place.
- ^ Various conquered Italian states, including the Cisalpine Republic from 1797
- ^ Re-entered the war against Britain as an ally of France after signing the Second Treaty of San Ildefonso.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of The Hague (1795) with France.
- ^ Nominally the Holy Roman Empire, under Austrian rule, also encompassed many other Italian states, such as the Duchy of Modena and the Duchy of Massa. Left the war after signing the Treaty of Campo Formio with France.
- ^ a b c Left the war after signing the Peace of Basel with France.
- ^ a b Left the war after signing the Peace of Paris with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Tolentino with France.
- ^ Left the war after signing the Treaty of Paris with France.
- ^ Virtually all of the Italian states, including the neutral Republic of Genoa and the Republic of Venice, as well the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, were conquered following Napoleon's invasion in 1796 and became French satellite states. The Principality of Monaco had been annexed in 1793. Even Switzerland began to be involved into the conflict through its associated Three Leagues that lost the Val Telline.
- ^ Olesen, Jens E. (2008). "Schwedisch-Pommern in der schwedischen Politik nach 1806". In North, Michael; Riemer, Robert. Das Ende des Alten Reiches im Ostseeraum. Wahrnehmungen und Transformationen (in German). Böhlau. pp. 289. ISBN 3-412-20108-1.
- ^ "Belgian Corps 1832-35 in Portugal's Liberal Wars". 11 June 2006. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
- ^ "Siege of Rome | Summary | Britannica".
- ^ Brown 1976, p. 239.
- ^ Brown 1976, p. 240.
- ^ Robert Ryal Miller (1961). "The American Legion of Honor in Mexico". Pacific Historical Review. Berkeley, California, United States: University of California Press. 30 (3). ISSN 0030-8684. Retrieved 13 June 2012.
- ^ "The activities of the officer the Kuban Cossack army N. S. Leontjev in the Italian-Ethiopic war in 1895–1896".
- ^ Richard, Pankhurst. "Ethiopia's Historic Quest for Medicine, 6". The Pankhurst History Library. Archived from the original on 2011-10-03.
- ^ Patman 2009, pp. 27–30
- ^ "Soviet Appeasement, Collective Security, and the Italo-Ethiopian war of 1935 and 1936". libcom.org.
- ^ Thomas Wilson, Edward (1974). Russia and Black Africa Before World War II. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–58.
- ^ Haggai, Erlich (1997). Ras Alula and the scramble for Africa – a political biography: Ethiopia and Eritrea 1875–1897. African World Press.
- ^ a b "Occupation during and after the War (Ottoman Empire) | International Encyclopedia of the First World War (WW1)". encyclopedia.1914-1918-online.net.
- ^ Rettig, pp. 316–317.
- ^ Radvanyi, Janos (1980). "Vietnam War Diplomacy: Reflections of a Former Iron Curtain Official" (PDF). Parameters: Journal of the US Army War College. Carlise Barracks, Pennsylvania. 10 (3): 8–15.
- ^ Teretta 2013, pp. 178–179.
- ^ "Cameroon - Moving toward independence | history - geography". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 30 April 2018.
- ^ Nicole Grimaud (1 January 1984). La politique extérieure de l'Algérie (1962-1978). KARTHALA Editions. p. 198. ISBN 978-2-86537-111-2.
L'armée française était en 1963 présente en Algérie et au Maroc. Le gouvernement français, officiellement neutre, comme le rappelle le Conseil des ministres du 25 octobre 1963, n'a pas pu empêcher que la coopération très étroite entre l'armée française et l'armée marocaine n'ait eu quelques répercussions sur le terrain. == The French Army was in 1963 present in Algeria and Morocco. The French government, officially neutral, as recalled by the Council of Ministers on October 25, 1963, could not prevent the very close cooperation between the French army and the Moroccan army from having some repercussions on the ground.
- ^ Ottaway 1970, p. 166.
- ^ Brian Latell (24 April 2012). Castro's Secrets: Cuban Intelligence, The CIA, and the Assassination of John F. Kennedy. St. Martin's Press. p. 164. ISBN 978-1-137-00001-9.
In this instance, unlike several others, the Cubans did no fighting; Algeria concluded an armistice with the Moroccan king.
- ^ "Within weeks the war ended in stalemate." Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia, Volume 1 edited by Alexander Mikaberidze Read here.
- ^ McSherry, J. Patrice (2011). "Chapter 5: "Industrial repression" and Operation Condor in Latin America". In Esparza, Marcia; Henry R. Huttenbach; Daniel Feierstein (eds.). State Violence and Genocide in Latin America: The Cold War Years (Critical Terrorism Studies). Routledge. p. 107. ISBN 978-0415664578.
- ^ Greg Grandin (2011). The Last Colonial Massacre: Latin America in the Cold War. University of Chicago Press. p. 75. ISBN 9780226306902
- ^ Walter L. Hixson (2009). The Myth of American Diplomacy: National Identity and U.S. Foreign Policy. Yale University Press. p. 223. ISBN 0300151314
- ^ French Soldiers Quit Mali After 9 Years, Billions Spent and Many Lives Lost
- ^ France suspends military, budgetary support to Central African Republic, 8 June 2021
Bibliography
- Brown, Kenneth L. (1976). People of Sale: Tradition and Change in a Moroccan City, 1830–1930. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-66155-4.
- Croxton, Derek (2013). The Last Christian Peace: The Congress of Westphalia as A Baroque Event. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-137-33332-2.
- Kendall, Paul Murray (1974). Louis XI. Cardinal.
- Ottaway, David (1970). Algeria: The Politics of a Socialist Revolution. Berkeley, California: University of California Press. ISBN 9780520016552.
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