Hansen's problem

In trigonometry, Hansen's problem is a problem in planar surveying, named after the astronomer Peter Andreas Hansen (1795–1874), who worked on the geodetic survey of Denmark. There are two known points A, B, and two unknown points P₁, P₂. From P₁ and P₂ an observer measures the angles made by the lines of sight to each of the other three points. The problem is to find the positions of P₁ and P₂. See figure; the angles measured are (α₁, β₁, α₂, β₂).

Since it involves observations of angles made at unknown points, the problem is an example of resection (as opposed to intersection).

Define the following angles: $${\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{5}\gamma &=\angle P_{1}AP_{2},&\quad \delta &=\angle P_{1}BP_{2},\\[4pt]\phi &=\angle P_{2}AB,&\quad \psi &=\angle P_{1}BA.\end{alignedat}}}$$ As a first step we will solve for φ and ψ. The sum of these two unknown angles is equal to the sum of β₁ and β₂, yielding the equation

$${\displaystyle \phi +\psi =\beta _{1}+\beta _{2}.}$$

A second equation can be found more laboriously, as follows. The law of sines yields

$${\displaystyle {\frac {\overline {AB}}{\overline {P_{2}B}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{2}}{\sin \phi }},\qquad {\frac {\overline {P_{2}B}}{\overline {P_{1}P_{2}}}}={\frac {\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta }}.}$$

Combining these, we get

$${\displaystyle {\frac {\overline {AB}}{\overline {P_{1}P_{2}}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \phi \sin \delta }}.}$$

Entirely analogous reasoning on the other side yields

$${\displaystyle {\frac {\overline {AB}}{\overline {P_{1}P_{2}}}}={\frac {\sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}{\sin \psi \sin \gamma }}.}$$

Setting these two equal gives

$${\displaystyle {\frac {\sin \phi }{\sin \psi }}={\frac {\sin \gamma \sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta \sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}}=k.}$$

Using a known trigonometric identity this ratio of sines can be expressed as the tangent of an angle difference:

${\displaystyle \tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}(\phi -\psi )={\frac {k-1}{k+1}}\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}(\phi +\psi ).}$

Where ${\displaystyle k={\frac {\sin \phi }{\sin \psi }}.}$

This is the second equation we need. Once we solve the two equations for the two unknowns φ, ψ, we can use either of the two expressions above for ${\displaystyle {\tfrac {\overline {AB}}{\overline {P_{1}P_{2}}}}}$ to find ⁠${\displaystyle {\overline {P_{1}P_{2}}}}$⁠ since AB is known. We can then find all the other segments using the law of sines.^[1]

We are given four angles (α₁, β₁, α₂, β₂) and the distance AB. The calculation proceeds as follows:

• Calculate $${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}\gamma &=\pi -\alpha _{1}-\beta _{1}-\beta _{2},\\\delta &=\pi -\alpha _{2}-\beta _{1}-\beta _{2}.\end{aligned}}}$$
• Calculate $${\displaystyle k={\frac {\sin \gamma \sin \alpha _{2}\sin \beta _{1}}{\sin \delta \sin \alpha _{1}\sin \beta _{2}}}.}$$
• Let $${\displaystyle s=\beta _{1}+\beta _{2},\quad d=2\arctan \left({\frac {k-1}{k+1}}\tan {\tfrac {1}{2}}s\right)}$$ and then $${\displaystyle \phi ={\frac {s+d}{2}},\quad \psi ={\frac {s-d}{2}}.}$$

In addition to presenting algorithms for solving the problem via Vector Geometric Algebra and Conformal Geometric Algebra, Ventura et al.^[2] review previous methods, and compare the various methods' computational speeds and sensitivity to measurement error.

• Solving triangles
• Snell's problem