Gauss's principle of least constraint
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The principle of least constraint is one variational formulation of classical mechanics enunciated by Carl Friedrich Gauss in 1829, equivalent to all other formulations of analytical mechanics. Intuitively, it says that the acceleration of a constrained physical system will be as similar as possible to that of the corresponding unconstrained system.[1]
Statement
The principle of least constraint is a least squares principle stating that the true accelerations of a mechanical system of masses is the minimum of the quantity
where the jth particle has mass , position vector , and applied non-constraint force acting on the mass.
The notation indicates time derivative of a vector function , i.e. position. The corresponding accelerations satisfy the imposed constraints, which in general depends on the current state of the system, .
It is recalled the fact that due to active and reactive (constraint) forces being applied, with resultant , a system will experience an acceleration .
Connections to other formulations
Gauss's principle is equivalent to D'Alembert's principle.
The principle of least constraint is qualitatively similar to Hamilton's principle, which states that the true path taken by a mechanical system is an extremum of the action. However, Gauss's principle is a true (local) minimal principle, whereas the other is an extremal principle.
Hertz's principle of least curvature
Hertz's principle of least curvature is a special case of Gauss's principle, restricted by the three conditions that there are no externally applied forces, no interactions (which can usually be expressed as a potential energy), and all masses are equal. Without loss of generality, the masses may be set equal to one. Under these conditions, Gauss's minimized quantity can be written
The kinetic energy is also conserved under these conditions
Since the line element in the -dimensional space of the coordinates is defined
the conservation of energy may also be written
Dividing by yields another minimal quantity
Since is the local curvature of the trajectory in the -dimensional space of the coordinates, minimization of is equivalent to finding the trajectory of least curvature (a geodesic) that is consistent with the constraints.
Hertz's principle is also a special case of Jacobi's formulation of the least-action principle.
Philosophy
Hertz designed the principle to eliminate the concept of force and dynamics, so that physics would consist exclusively of kinematics, of material points in constrained motion. He was critical of the "logical obscurity" surrounding the idea of force.
I would mention the experience that it is exceedingly difficult to expound to thoughtful hearers that very introduction to mechanics without being occasionally embarrassed, without feeling tempted now and again to apologize, without wishing to get as quickly as possible over the rudiments, and on to examples which speak for themselves. I fancy that Newton himself must have felt this embarrassment...
To replace the concept of force, he proposed that the acceleration of visible masses are to be accounted for, not by force, but by geometric constraints on the visible masses, and their geometric linkages to invisible masses. In this, he understood himself as continuing the tradition of Cartesian mechanical philosophy, such as Boltzmann's explaining of heat by atomic motion, and Maxwell's explaining of electromagnetism by ether motion. Even though both atoms and the ether were not observable except via their effects, they were successful in explaining apparently non-mechanical phenomena mechanically. In trying to explain away "mechanical force", Hertz was "mechanizing classical mechanics".[2]
See also
Literature
- Gauss, C. F. (1829). "Über ein neues allgemeines Grundgesetz der Mechanik". Crelle's Journal. 1829 (4): 232–235. doi:10.1515/crll.1829.4.232. S2CID 199545985.
- Gauss, Carl Friedrich. Werke [Collected Works]. Vol. 5. p. 23–28.
- Hertz, Heinrich (1896). Principles of Mechanics. Miscellaneous Papers. Vol. III. Macmillan.
- Lanczos, Cornelius (1986). "IV §8 Gauss's principle of least constraint". The variational principles of mechanics (Reprint of University of Toronto 1970 4th ed.). Courier Dover. pp. 106–110. ISBN 978-0-486-65067-8.
- Papastavridis, John G. (2014). "6.6 The Principle of Gauss (extensive treatment)". Analytical mechanics: A comprehensive treatise on the dynamics of constrained systems (Reprint ed.). Singapore, Hackensack NJ, London: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. pp. 911–930. ISBN 978-981-4338-71-4.
References
- ^ Azad, Morteza; Babič, Jan; Mistry, Michael (2019-10-01). "Effects of the weighting matrix on dynamic manipulability of robots". Autonomous Robots. 43 (7): 1867–1879. doi:10.1007/s10514-018-09819-y. hdl:20.500.11820/855c5529-d9cd-434d-8f8b-4a61248137a2. ISSN 1573-7527.
- ^ Klein, Martin J. (1974), Seeger, Raymond J.; Cohen, Robert S. (eds.), "Boltzmann, Monocycles and Mechanical Explanation", Philosophical Foundations of Science, vol. 11, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 155–175, doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2126-5_8, ISBN 978-90-277-0376-7, retrieved 2024-05-28
External links
- [1] A modern discussion and proof of Gauss's principle
- Gauss principle in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics
- Hertz principle in the Encyclopedia of Mathematics